Déficits neuropsicológicos asociados a la relación entre abuso de cocaína y violencia: mecanismos neuronales facilitadores

A. Romero-Martínez, L. Moya-Albiol

Resumen


Introducción. El abuso de la cocaína, así como la exposición prenatal a la misma parece ser un factor relevante en el desencadenamiento de comportamientos violentos. Los déficits neuropsicológicos, así como el género y la combinación con el alcohol, serían los posibles mecanismos facilitadores. Objetivo. Revisar y recapitular los resultados obtenidos sobre los déficits neuropsicológicos debidos al abuso o a la exposición prenatal a la cocaína y relacionarlos con la expresión de la violencia. Además, se enfatiza el papel del género y el abuso del alcohol junto a la cocaína, así como la posible existencia de daño orgánico cerebral como mecanismos facilitadores. Desarrollo. Se ha revisado la bibliografía científica usando los buscadores Google Scholar, PsycINFO, PubMed, Medline e ISI Web of Knowledge. Conclusiones. La cocaína facilitaría la expresión de la violencia debido a los déficits en la decodificación emocional, la capacidad de abstracción e inhibición, así como en las habilidades verbales y mnémicas. Esto explicaría, además, los problemas en la toma de decisiones. Los déficits y la expresión de la violencia parecen ser más evidentes en los hombres. Sin embargo, a pesar de que la combinación de la cocaína con el alcohol incrementaría el riesgo de reaccionar de forma violenta, los déficits no serían mayores que el consumo de cada una de ellas por separado. Estos déficits podrían ser producto de un funcionamiento anormal de algunas áreas del lóbulo frontal (especialmente el prefrontal) y el parietal, así como estructuras subcorticales como la amígdala. Todo ello permitiría planificar estrategias de intervención cuyos objetivos serían estos dominios cognitivos.


Palabras clave


alcohol; cocaína; género; neuropsicología; violencia.

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Referencias


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.194

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