Envíe este artículo por correo electrónico Alcohol y cerebro adolescente
Resumen
El patrón de consumo intensivo intermitente de alcohol (Binge Drinking) se ha consolidado entre adolescentes y jóvenes. Este patrón (BD) ha despertado una fuerte preocupación en la comunidad neurocientífica por su posible impacto en un cerebro aún en maduración. La investigación con modelos animales demuestra los graves efectos estructurales y funcionales que un patrón BD puede tener a estas edades. Algunas regiones como el cortex prefrontal y el hipocampo, de maduración más tardía, y los importantes procesos que éstas organizan, parecen diana especial de la acción del alcohol. Los escasos estudios realizados en humanos van en la dirección de lo adelantado por la investigación animal. Sin embargo, estamos lejos de poder responder si este patrón BD afecta de forma especial al cerebro adolescente y de precisar cuáles son sus consecuencias a corto y largo plazo. Son limitaciones habituales en los estudios el insuficiente control de poderosos factores de confusión, la utilización de diseños que no permiten diferenciar entre marcadores y efectos, el uso de muestras reducidas o la ausencia de réplicas. Aunque se hace insostenible una hipótesis de inocuidad y se acumula evidencia que nos advierte sobre los peligros de esta forma de consumo, se ha producido en general una cierta sobreinterpretación de los resultados. A la valiosa contribución realizada por estudios transversales debe seguir la de estudios longitudinales, en muestras de tamaño apropiado, con mayor control de variables críticas, que ayuden a identificar qué estructuras están más afectadas y cuáles son las consecuencias neurocognitivas a corto y largo plazo.
Palabras clave
Texto completo:
PDFReferencias
Observatorio Español sobre Drogas. Encuesta Estatal sobre uso de
drogas en estudiantes de enseñanzas secundarias (ESTUDES) 2006-2007. Madrid. Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas, 2007.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. NIAAA Council
Approves Definitión of Binge Drinking. NIAAA Newsletter 2004; 3: 3.
Pfefferbaum A, Rosenbloom M, Deshmukh A, Sullivan E. Sex differences in the effects of alcohol on brain structure. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 188-97.
Wuethrich B. Neurobiology. Does alcohol damage female brains more? Science (2001; 291: 2077-9.
Caldwell LC, Schweinsburg AD, Nagel BJ, Barlett VC, Brown SA, Tapert SF. Gender and adolescent alcohol use disorders on BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) response to spatial working memory. Alcohol Alcohol 2000; 40: 194-200.
Townshend JM, Duka T. Binge drinking, cognitive performance and
mood in a population of young social drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 29: 317-25.
Observatorio Español sobre Drogas. Informe de la Encuesta Domiciliaria sobre Alcohol y Drogas en España (EDADES) 2007-2008. Recuperado el 6 de febrero de 2009, de http://www.pnsd.msc.es/Categoria2/observa/pdf/InformeEdades2007-2008.pdf.
Grant BF, Dawson DA. Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. J Subst Abuse 1997; 9: 103-10.
Caamaño-Isorna F, Corral M, Parada M, Cadaveira F. Factors associated with risky alcohol use and heavy episodic drinking among Spanish university students. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2008; 69: 308-12.
Andersson BH, B.; Beck, F.; Choquet, M.; Kokkevi, A.; Fotiou, A. Alcohol and Drug Use Among European 17–18 Year Old Students. Data from the ESPAD Project. Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAN), The Pompidou Group at the Council of Europe ed. Stockholm: Modintryckoffset AB 2007.
Cadaveira F, Roso M, Grau C, Sanchez-Turet M. Effects of age on
event-related potentials in chronic alcoholics: a multimodal study. Neuropsychobiology. 1992; 25: 166-71.
Hunt WA. Are binge drinkers more at risk of developing brain damage? Alcohol 1993; 10: 559-61.
Crews FT, Braun CJ, Hoplight B, Switzer RC, Knapp DJ. Binge ethanol consumption causes differential brain damage in young adolescent rats compared with adult rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24: 1712-23.
Swartzwelder HS, Wilson WA, Tayyeb MI. Differential sensitivity
of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic potentials to ethanol in immature versus mature hippocampus. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995; 19: 320-3.
Swartzwelder HS, Wilson WA, Tayyeb MI. Age-dependent inhibition
of long-term potentiation by ethanol in immature versus mature hippocampus. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995; 19: 1480-5.
Crews FT, Mdzinarishvili A, Kim D, He J, Nixon K. Neurogenesis in
adolescent brain is potently inhibited by ethanol. Neuroscience 2006; 137: 437-45.
Pascual M, Blanco AM, Cauli O, Minarro J, Guerri C. Intermittent
ethanol exposure induces inflammatory brain damage and causes long-term behavioural alterations in adolescent rats. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25: 541-50.
Collins MA, Corso TD, Neafsey EJ. Neuronal degeneration in rat
cerebrocortical and olfactory regions during subchronic “binge” intoxication with ethanol: possible explanation for olfactory deficits in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996; 20: 284-92.
Crews F, ed. Neurotoxicity of alcohol: excitotoxicity, oxidative
stress, neurotrophic factors, apoptosis, and cell adhesion molecules. Bethesda, MD.: NIAAA 2000.
Markwiese BJ, Acheson SK, Levin ED, Wilson WA, Swartzwelder
HS. Differential effects of ethanol on memory in adolescent and adult rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998; 22: 416-21.
White AM, Ghia AJ, Levin ED, Swartzwelder HS. Binge pattern
ethanol exposure in adolescent and adult rats: differential impact on subsequent responsiveness to ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24: 1251-6.
Silvers JM, Tokunaga S, Mittleman G, Matthews DB. Chronic intermittent injections of high-dose ethanol during adolescence produce metabolic, hypnotic, and cognitive tolerance in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003; 27: 1606-12.
White AM, Swartzwelder HS. Age-related effects of alcohol on memory and memory-related brain function in adolescents and adults. Recent Dev Alcohol 2005; 17: 161-76.
Crews F, He J, Hodge C. Adolescent cortical development: a critical
period of vulnerability for addiction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 86: 189-99.
Luna B, Sweeney JA. The emergence of collaborative brain function:
FMRI studies of the development of response inhibition. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004; 1021: 296-309.
Stuss DT, Levine B. Adult clinical neuropsychology: lessons from
studies of the frontal lobes. Annu Rev Psychol 2002; 53: 401-33.
Medina KL, McQueeny T, Nagel BJ, Hanson KL, Schweinsburg AD,
Tapert SF. Prefrontal cortex volumes in adolescents with alcohol use disorders: unique gender effects. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32: 386-94.
Pyapali GK, Turner DA, Wilson WA, Swartzwelder HS. Age and dosedependent effects of ethanol on the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation. Alcohol 1999; 19: 107-11.
De Bellis MD, Clark DB, Beers SR, Soloff PH, Boring AM, Hall J, et al.
Hippocampal volume in adolescent-onset alcohol use disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 737-44.
Medina KL, Schweinsburg AD, Cohen-Zion M, Nagel BJ, Tapert SF. Effects of alcohol and combined marijuana and alcohol use during adolescence on hippocampal volume and asymmetry. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2007; 29: 141-52.
Nagel BJ, Schweinsburg AD, Phan V, Tapert SF. Reduced hippocampal volume among adolescents with alcohol use disorders without psychiatric comorbidity. Psychiatry Res 2005; 139: 181-90.
Brown SA, Tapert SF. Adolescence and the trajectory of alcohol
use: basic to clinical studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1021: 234-44.
Tapert SF, Caldwell L, Burke C. Alcohol and the adolescent brain -
Human studies. Alcohol Res Health 2004; 28: 205-12.
Tapert SF, Schweinsburg AD. The human adolescent brain and alcohol use disorders. Recent Dev Alcohol 2005; 17: 177-97.
Brown SA, Tapert SF, Granholm E, Delis DC. Neurocognitive functioning of adolescents: effects of protracted alcohol use. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24: 164-71.
Tapert SF, Granholm E, Leedy NG, Brown SA. Substance use and
withdrawal: neuropsychological functioning over 8 years in youth. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2002; 8: 873-83.
Ehlers CL, Phillips E, Finnerman G, Gilder D, Lau P, Criado J. P3
components and adolescent binge drinking in Southwest California Indians. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2007; 29: 153-63.
García-Moreno LM. Actividad prefrontal y alcoholismo de fin de semana en jóvenes. Adicciones 2008; 20: 271-80.
Crego A, Rodríguez Holguín S, Parada M, Mota-Miranda N, Corral M, Caamaño-Isorna F, et al. Actividad electrofisiológica relacionada con memoria de trabajo visual en jóvenes consumidores intensivos de alcohol Comunicación presentada en las XXXV Jornadas Nacionales de Socidrogalcohol. A Coruña, 2008.
Parada M, Mota-Miranda N, Corral M, Crego A, Fernández-Eiré C, Rodríguez Holguín S, et al. Consumo intensivo de alcohol y memoria de trabajo en jóvenes universitarios: resultados preliminares. Póster presentado en las XXXV Jornadas Nacionales de Socidrogalcohol. A Coruña, 2008.
Chassin L, Pitts SC, Prost J. Binge drinking trajectories from
adolescence to emerging adulthood in a high-risk sample: predictors and substance abuse outcomes. J Consult Clin Psychol 2002; 70: 67-78.
Weissenborn R, Duka T. Acute alcohol effects on cognitive function in social drinkers: their relationship to drinking habits. Psychopharmacology 2003; 165: 306-12.
Corral MM, Holguin SR, Cadaveira F. Neuropsychological characteristics in children of alcoholics: familial density. J Stud Alcohol 1999; 60: 509-13.
Rodriguez Holguin S, Corral M, Cadaveira F. Event-related potentials elicited by infrequent non-target stimuli in young children of alcoholics: family history and gender differences. Alcohol Alcohol 1998; 33: 281-90.
Brown SA, McGue M, Maggs J, Schulenberg J, Hingson R, Swartzwelder S, et al. A developmental perspective on alcohol and youths 16 to 20 years of age. Pediatrics 2008; 121 Supl 4:S290-310.
Clark DB, Tapert SF. Introduction to alcohol and adolescent brain
development. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32: 373-4.
Masten AS, Faden VB, Zucker RA, Spear LP. Underage drinking: a
developmental framework. Pediatrics 2008; 121 Supl 4: S235-51.
Berman SM, Noble EP. Reduced visuospatial performance in children with the D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele. Behav Genet 1995; 25: 45-58.
Corral M, Holguin SR, Cadaveira F. Neuropsychological characteristics of young children from high-density alcoholism families: a three-year follow-up. J Stud Alcohol 2003; 64:195-9.
Rodriguez Holguin S, Corral M, Cadaveira F. Event-related potentials elicited by a visual continuous performance task in children of alcoholics. Alcohol 1999; 19: 23-30.
Sartor CE, Lynskey MT, Heath AC, Jacob T, True W. The role of childhood risk factors in initiation of alcohol use and progression to alcohol dependence. Addiction 2007; 102: 216-25.
Aarons GA, Brown SA, Coe MT, Myers MG, Garland AF, Ezzet-Lofstram R, et al. Adolescent alcohol and drug abuse and health. J Adolesc Health 1999; 24: 412-21.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.246
Enlaces refback
- No hay ningún enlace refback.
