Estilos y representaciones de apego en consumidores de drogas

Mª Teresa de Lucas Taracena, Francisco Montañés Rada

Resumen


El apego inseguro se ha revelado factor de riesgo de diversos problemas de salud mental. Parece plausible que el apego inseguro, en general desarrollado en la infancia, es un factor de riesgo de trastornos por consumo de drogas (TCDs), y esto podría también afectar la alianza terapéutica, y secundariamente, la evolución del TCD. Hemos revisado la literatura sobre este tema, buscando relaciones entre patrones de apego y TCDs. Los estudios publicados sobre apego y TCDs.han producido resultados poco consistentes, en parte por el uso de diferentes medidas de evaluación. Los estudios con los autoinformes de Hazan y Shaver mostraron relación sobre todo con estilo de apego evasivo. Los estudios con la Entrevista de Apego del Adulto encontraron patrones de apego devaluadores o no resueltos. Finalmente, los estudios con el modelo de Bartholomew, en consumidores de alcohol u opiáceos, han encontrado estilos preocupados o temerosos. Discusión y conclusiones: Los estudios analizados son heterogéneos en cuanto a características de la muestra que a veces incluso no se especifican (edad, tipo de droga consumida, gravedad de la adicción) y al uso de instrumentos que clasifican de modo diferente las categorías de apego. No obstante, el apego seguro es similar en todos los instrumentos y no parece explicar los TCD. También hay pocos datos que apoyen una relación entre apego preocupado o ansioso y TCDs. Si bien algunos estudios apuntan a la existencia de patrones devaluadores de apego, la mayoría de trabajos encuentran apegos evasivos o temerosos.


Palabras clave


apego; factor de riesgo; abuso; dependencia; drogas; alcohol

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.334

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