LSD y alucinógenos

Josep Solé Puig

Resumen


Objetivo: realizar una revisión del LSD y otros alucinógenos desde un punto de vista histórico-cultural, farmacológico y de consecuencias clínicas, especialmente psiquiátricas. Resultados: datos aportados por el PNSD ponen de manifiesto que más del 2% de la población española reconoce haber consumido esta sustancia, que ejerce su acción a través de los sistemas de neurotransmisión serotonérgica, dopaminérgica y glutamatérgica. El LSD y sus análogos han sido utilizados como psicotomiméticos experimentales, aunque existen diversos inconvenientes (rápida tolerancia para efectos subjetivos y alucinaciones de tipo visual) que restan credibilidad al modelo alucinógenopsicodélico del síndrome esquizofrénico. Los efectos adversos de tipo psíquico que más frecuentemente aparecen tras uso-abuso de LSD son: trastornos de ansiedad, del estado de ánimo, perceptivos (trastorno perceptivo persistente por alucinógenos, flashbacks) y psicóticos. El tratamiento de dichos efectos adversos es de tipo sintomático, siendo los fármacos ansiolíticos y antipsicóticos los más utilizados. Por último, se discute el potencial uso terapéutico de la sustancia tanto en terapias psicodélicas como en el alcoholismo, en ambos casos con escasas repercusiones. Conclusiones: el LSD y los otros alucinógenos son sustancias utilizadas con fines recreativos pero que no están exentas de potencial de daño psíquico que puede ser prevenido y adecuadamente tratado.


Palabras clave


LSD; alucinógenos; flashbacks; trastorno persistente de la percepción por alucinógenos

Texto completo:

PDF

Referencias


Abraham H (1998): Hallucinogens persisting perception disorder. Practical Rev Psychiatry 22:1-2

Abraham HD, Aldridge AM, Gogia P (1996): The psychopharmacology of hallucinogens. Neuropsychopharmacology 14:285-298

Abraham H (1983): Visual phenomenology of the LSD flashbacks. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40:884-889

Aghajanian GK, Marek GJ (1999): Serotonin and hallucinogens. Neuropsychopharmacology 21:16S-23S

Alcántara AG (1998): Is there a role of alpha 2 antagonism in the exacerbation of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder with risperidone? J Clin Psychopharmacology 17:327-328

American Psychiatric Association (1994): Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV. [Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales, Masson, Barcelona]

Anónimo (1966): Murder by LSD? Newsweek 25:29-30

Anónimo (1963): Instant mysticism. Time 82:86-87

Araneda R, Andrade R (1991): 5-Hydroxytriptamine2 and 5-Hydroxytriptamine1A receptors mediate opposing responses on membrane excitability in rat association cortex. Neuroscience

:399-412

Bye RA jr (1979): Hallucinogenic plants of the Tarahumara. J Ethnopharm 1:23-48

Bolino F (1992): Startle reflex habituation in functional psychoses: a controlled study. Neurosci Letter 145:126-128

Bowers MB, Freedman DX (1966): “Psychedelic” experiences in acute psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 15:240-248

Cadenhead KS (1993): Impaired startle prepulse inhibition and habituation in shcizotypical patients. Am J Pschiatry 150:1862-1867

Catafau AM, Parellada E, Lomena FJ, Bernardo M, Pavía J, Ros D, Setoaín J, González-Monclús E (1994): Prefrontal and temporal blood flow in schizophrenia: resting and activation technetium-

m-HMPAO SPECT patterns in young neuroleptic-naïve patients with acute disease. J Nucl Med 35:935-941

Cohen S (1960): LSD: Side effects and complications. J Nervous Ment Dis 130:30-40

Creighton FJ, Black DL, Hyde CE (1991): Ecstasy psychosis and flasbacks. Br J Psychiatry 159:713-715

De Smet PAGM (1996): Some ethnopharmacological notes on African hallucinogens. J Ethnopharm 50:141-146

De Smet PAGM (1985): Ritual enemas and snuffs in the Americas. Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation.

Dorrance DL, JanigerO, Teplitz RL (1975): Effect of peyote on human chromosomes. Cytogenetic study of the Huichol Indians of Northern Mexico. J Am Med Assoc 234:299-302

Ellinwood EH (1973): Evolving behavior in the clinical and experimental amphetamine (model) psychoses. Am J Psychiatry 130:1088

Eisner BG, Cohen S (1958): Psychotherapy with lysergic acid diethylamide. J Nervous Ment Dis 127:528-539

Freixa F, Soler Insa PA, eds (1981). Toxicomanías: un enfoque multidisciplinario. Fontanella, Barcelona

Furst P, ed (1990): Flesh of the Gods: the ritual use of hallucinogens. Waveland Press, ProspectHeights, IL

Geyer MA, Braff DL (1987): Startle habituation and sensorimotor gating in schizophrenia and related animal models. Schizophr Bull 13:643-668

Gillin JC (1973): Failure of N,N-dimethiltryptamine to evoke tolerance in cats. Biol Psychiatry 7:213-220

Glennon RA (1984): Evidence for HT2-receptor involvement in the mechanism of action of hallucinogenic agents. Life Sci 24:2505-2511

Grob CS, McKenna DJ, Callaway JC, Brito GS, Neves ES, Oberlaender G et al (1996): Human psychopharmacology of hoasca, a plant hallucinogen used in ritual context in Brazil. J Nerv Ment Dis 184:86-98

Halpern JH, Pope HG jr (1999): Do hallucinogens cause residual neuropsychopharmacological toxicity? Drug Alcohol Depend 53:247-256

Hoffer A, Osmond H, Smythies J (1954): Schizophrenia: a new approach. II. Result of a year’s research. J Ment Sci 100:29-45

Hofmann A (1983): LSD: my problem child. Reflections on sacred drugs, mysticism and science. JP Tarcher Inc, Los Angeles, CA

Hollister LE (1968): Chemical psychoses: LSD and related drugs. Charles Thomas, Springfield (IL)

Horowitz MJ (1969): Flashbacks: recurrent intrusive images after the use of LSD. Am J Psychiatry 126:565-569

Joyce JN (1993): Serotonin uptake sites and serotonin receptors are altered in the limbic system of schizophrenics. Neuropsychopharmacology 8:315-336

Klerman GL (1970): Drugs and social values. Internat J Addictions 5:313-319

Kovar A (1998): Chemistry and pharmacology of hallucinogens, entactogens and stimulants. Pharmacopsychiatry 2:69-72

Lerner AG, Gelkopf M, Skladman I, Oyffe I, Finkel B, Sigal M, Weizman A (2002): Flashback and hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: clinical aspects and pharmacological treatment

approach. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 39:92-99

Lerner AG, Gelkopf M, Skladman I, Oyffe I, Finkel B, Sigal M, Weizman A (2000): LSD-induced hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) treatment with clonidine: an open pilot study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 18:35-37

Lerner AG, Finkel B, Oyffe I, Merenzon I, Sigal M (1998): Clonidine treatment of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder. Am J Psychiatry 155:1460

Lerner AG, Oyffe I, Finkel B, Isaacs G, Sigal M (1997): Naltrexone treatment of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder. Am J Psychiatry 154:437

López Giménez JF, Mengod G, Palacios JM, Vilaró MT (1997): Selective visualization of rat brain 5-HT2A receptors by autoradiography with [3H]MDL 100,907. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s

Arch Pharmacol 356:446-454

Luby ED (1959): Study of a new schizophrenomimetic drug, Sernyl. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 81:363-369

Mangini M (1998): Treatment of alcoholism using psychedelic drugs: a review of the program of research. J Psychoactive Drugs 30:381-417

McBride MC (2000): Bufotenine: toward an understanding of possible psychoactive mechanisms. J Psychoactive Drugs 32:321-331

Meltzer HY (1989): Classification of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the basis of dopamine D-1, D-2 and serotonin-2 pKi values. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251:238-246

Novak S (1997): LSD before Leary. Isis 88:87-110 O’Brien CP, McLellan AT (1996): Myths about the treatment of addiciton, Lancet 347:237-240

O’Brien CP, Jones RT (1994): Methodological issues in the evaluation of a medication for its potential benefits in enhancing therapy. En Pletscher A, Ladewig D, eds: 50 years of LSD:

current status and perspectives of hallucinogens. Parthenon, Nueva York

Observatorio Español sobre Drogas (2002): Informe nº 5, Dirección General del Plan Nacional sobre Drogas, Ministerio del Interior, Madrid (www.mir.es/pnd)

Organización Mundial de la Salud (1992): Clasificación Internacional de las Enfermedades. Trastornos mentales y del comportamiento.

ª revisión (CIE-10). Meditor, Madrid

Osmond H (1973): Medical and scientific importance of the hallucinogens. The Practitioner 210:112-119

Osmond H (1957): A review of the clinical effects of psychotomimetic agents. Annals NY Acad Sci 66:418-434

Osmond H (1952): Schizophrenia: a new approach. J Ment Sc 98:309-315

Parellada E, Gatafau AM, Bernardo M, Lomeña F, González Monclús E, Setoain J (1994): Prefrontal dysfunction in young acute neurolepticnaive schizophrenic patients: a resting and activation

SPECT study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 55:131-139

Pletscher A, Ladewig D, eds (1994): 50 years of LSD: current status and perspectives of hallucinogens. Parthenon, Nueva York

Pope HG jr (1969): Tabernanthe iboga: an African narcotic plant of social importance. Economic Botany 23:174-184

Rosenberg GR (1964): The effect of N,N-dimethiltryptamine in human subjects tolerant to lysergic acid diethilamide. Psychopharmacologia 5:217-227

Santo-Domingo J, Rubio G et al (2000): Consenso de la Sociedad Española de Psiquiatría sobre diagnóstico y tratamiento del alcoholismo y otras dependencias. Aula Médica, Madrid

Santo-Domingo J, San L et al (en prensa): Consenso de la Sociedad Española de Psiquiatría sobre patología dual. Aula Médica, Madrid

Schick J, Smith D (1970): Analysis of the LSD flashback. J Psychedelic Drugs 3:13-19

Schultes RE, Hofmann A (1992): Plants of the gods: their sacred, healing and hallucinogenic powers. Healing Arts Press, Rcohester, VT

Smith C (1959): Some reflections on the possible therapeutic effects of the hallucinogens. Quarterly J Studies Alcohol 20:292-301

Sole Puig J, Ramos Atance JA, eds (2001): Cannabinoides: aspectos psiquiátricos y bioquímicos. Rol, Barcelona

Solé Puig J (1996): Modelos animales de psicosis experimental con psicoestimulantes y cannabinoides. Libro de Actas de las XXIII Jornadas Nacionales de Socidrogalcohol, Oviedo

Solé Puig J (1989): Terapia antidroga. Salvat-Masson, Barcelona

Solé Puig J (1981): Drogas y contracultura. En Freixa F, Soler Insa PA, eds: Toxicomanías: un enfoque multidisciplinario. Fontanella, Barcelona

Soler PA, San L, Casas M, Torrens M, Cervera G, Gual A, Arranz B, Dueñas R, Martínez-Raga J, Lusilla P (2002): Recomendaciones terapéuticas en patología dual. Ars Medica, Barcelona

Stoll WA (1947): Lysergic acid diethylamide, a phantasticum from the ergot group. Schweitzer Arch Neurol Psychiatrie 60:1-45

Strassman RJ (1995): Hallucinogenic drugs in psychiatry research and treatment: perspectives and prospects. J Nerv Ment Dis 183:127-138

Strassman RJ (1984): Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs: a review of the literature. J Nerv Ment Dis 172:577-595

Swerdlow NR (1991): The effects of spiperone, SCH 23390 and clozapine on apomorphine-inhibition of sensorimotor gating of the startle response in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 256:530-536

Thurlow HJ, Girvin JP (1971): Use of antiepileptic medication in treating flashbacks from hallucinogenic drugs. Can Med Assoc 105:947-948

Vollenweider FX (1998): Advances and pathophysiological models of hallucinogenic drug actions in humans: a preamble to schizophrenia research. Pharmacopsychiat 31:92-103

Vollenweider FX, Leenders KL, Scharfetter C, Maguire P, Stadelmann O, Angst J (1997): Positron emission tomography and fluorodeoxyglucose studies of metabolic hyperfrontality and

psychopathology in the psilocybin model of psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 16:357-372

Wasson RG (1980): The wondrous mushroom: mycolatry in Mesoamerica. McGraw-Hill, Nueva York

Wasson RG (1972): The divine mushroom of immortality. En Furst P, ed (1990): Flesh of the Gods: the ritual use of hallucinogens. Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL

Weil-Malherbe H, Szara SI (1971): The biochemistry of functional and experimental psychoses. Charles Thomas, Springfield (IL)

Wolbach AB, Miner EJ, Isbell H (1962): Comparison of psilocin with psilocybin, mescaline, and LSD-25. Psychopharmacologia 3:219-223




DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.460

Enlaces refback

  • No hay ningún enlace refback.