Impacto de los deterioros neuropsicológicos asociados al consumo de sustancias sobre la práctica clínica con drogodependientes

A. Verdejo García, F. López Torrecillas, C. Orozco Giménez, Miguel Pérez García

Resumen


El consumo crónico de diversas drogas (cannabis, heroína, estimulantes) ha sido consistentemente asociado a la presencia de deterioros neuropsicológicos en un amplio espectro de funciones, principalmente: memoria, aprendizaje, atención, concentración y razonamiento. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, la investigación neuropsicológica relacionada con el abuso de sustancias, apoyada en la aparición de tecnologías de nueva generación (neuroimagen funcional, análisis de metabolitos) se ha focalizado en el estudio de posibles alteraciones en las funciones ejecutivas de los lóbulos prefrontales de la corteza, así como su influencia sobre la personalidad, cogniciones y conductas del drogodependiente. El objetivo de nuestra revisión es, por una parte, repasar los principales deterioros neuropsicológicos constatados por los estudios clásicos, así como estos nuevos hallazgos en funciones ejecutivas (planificación, toma de decisiones, control de impulsos), y por otra parte, dado que el estatus neuropsicológico parece tener un papel mediador sobre los resultados del tratamiento, analizar la utilidad e impacto de estos deterioros sobre la práctica clínica con sujetos drogodependientes, considerando factores de especial relevancia, como la potencial reversibilidad de los déficits, la comorbilidad con trastornos de la personalidad y del estado de ánimo y la existencia de anosognosia y déficits específicos de impulsividad. Resaltamos, asimismo, la conveniencia de intervenir específicamente sobre aquellas funciones más directamente asociadas al funcionamiento diario de los drogodependientes, a su perseveración en el consumo y al alto riesgo de recaídas, que podrían ser explicados, al menos parcialmente, por la existencia de alteraciones ejecutivas.


Palabras clave


consumo de drogas; deterioro neuropsicológico; neuroimagen; funciones ejecutivas; reversibilidad

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