¿Protege o predispone la actividad física a las adicciones conductuales y otros problemas de autorregulación?

Cinderella K. Cardol, Cristopher I. Escamilla, Winifred A. Gebhardt, José C. Perales

Resumen


Este estudio tuvo como objetivo aclarar las relaciones entre la actividad física de ocio (AFO) y los problemas de autorregulación (PARs) no relacionados con drogas, incluyendo las adicciones conductuales, y el papel de los rasgos de personalidad impulsiva. Estudiantes universitarios españoles (N = 329, Mage = 21,20) completaron cuestionarios para cada uno de estos constructos.

La AFO de gimnasio y musculación se asoció negativamente con los PARs relacionados con videojuegos, r = -0,13, p = 0,019, 95% CI (bootstrapped) [-0,23, -0,02], y positivamente con los PARs relacionados con sexo, r = 0,16, p = 0,005, 95% CI (bootstrapped) [0,04, -0,30]. La AFO de resistencia se asoció positivamente con los PARs relacionados con la alimentación, r = 0,17, p = 0,003, 95% CI (bootstrapped) [0,02,  0,31]. La probabilidad de presentar puntuaciones potencialmente clínicas en PARs de alimentación fue 2,64 veces mayor para los encuestados en un grupo de AFO de resistencia excesiva en comparación con los otros encuestados, prueba exacta de Fisher, p = 0,017, OR = 3,10, 95% CI [1,26, 7,63], y la probabilidad de vomitar para controlar el peso fue 2,12 veces mayor en ese mismo grupo, prueba exacta de Fisher, p = 0,040, OR = 2,43, 95% CI [1,06, 5,57]. Las asociaciones fueron en gran medida independientes de los rasgos de personalidad impulsiva.

Identificamos un riesgo elevado de patología alimentaria potencialmente clínica en un subgrupo de participantes con niveles anormalmente altos de actividad física de resistencia. Esta superposición es consistente con la hipótesis de dependencia secundaria en la adicción al ejercicio.


Palabras clave


Actividad física de ocio; Ejercicio físico; Adicción al ejercicio; Autorregulación; Adicción conductual; Impulsividad; Rasgos de personalidad impulsiva.

Texto completo:

PDF PDF (English)

Referencias


Adams, J. y Kirkby, R. (2001). Exercise dependence and overtraining: The physiological and psychological consequences of excessive exercise. Sports Medicine Training and Rehabilitation, 10, 199–222. doi:10.1080/10578310210395.

Adkins, E. C. y Keel, P. K. (2005). Does “excessive” or “compulsive” best describe exercise as a symptom of bulimia nervosa? The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 38, 24–29. doi:10.1002/eat.20140.

Allegre, B., Souville, M., Therme, P. y Griffiths, M. (2006). Definitions and measures of exercise dependence. Addiction Research & Theory, 14, 631–646. doi:10.1080/16066350600903302.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Armstrong, T. y Bull, F. (2006) Development of the World Health Organization Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Journal of Public Health, 14, 66–70. doi:10.1007/s10389-006-0024-x.

Ballard, M., Gray, M., Reilly, J. y Noggle, M. (2009). Correlates of video game screen time among males: Body mass, PA, and other media use. Eating Behaviors, 10, 161–167. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2009.05.001.

Baumeister, R. F. y Tierney, J. (2011). Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength. New York, NY: The Penguin Press.

Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D. y Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 351–355. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x.

Billieux, J., Gay, P., Rochat, L. y Van der Linden, M. (2010). The role of urgency and its underlying psychological mechanisms in problematic behaviours. Behavioural Research and Therapy, 48, 1085–1096. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.07.008.

Billieux, J., Schimmenti, A., Khazaal, Y., Maurage, P. y Heeren, A. (2015). Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4, 119–123. doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.009.

Billieux, J., Van der Linden, M. y Ceschi, G. (2007). Which dimensions of impulsivity are related to cigarette craving? Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1189–1199. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.08.007.

Bousoño, M., Al-Halabí, S., Burón, P., Garrido, M., Díaz-Mesa, E. M., Galván, G.,... Bobes, J. (2017). Substance use or abuse, internet use, psychopathology and suicidal ideation in adolescents. Adicciones, 29, 97-104. doi:10.20882/adicciones.811.

Bratland-Sanda, S., Martinsen, E. W., Rosenvinge, J. H., Rø, Ø., Hoffart, A. y Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2011). Exercise dependence score in patients with longstanding eating disorders and controls: The importance of affect regulation and physical activity intensity. European Eating Disorders Review, 19, 249–255. doi:10.1002/erv.971.

Breuer, S. y Kleinert, J. (2009). Primäre Sportsucht und bewegungsbezogene Abhängigkeit – Beschreibung, Erklärung und Diagnostik. In D. Batthyany y A. Pritz (Eds.), Rausch ohne Drogen. Substanzungebundene Süchte (pp. 191–218). Vienna, Austria: Springer.

Brody, S. (2004). Slimness is associated with greater intercourse and lesser masturbation frequency. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 30, 251–261. doi:10.1080/00926230490422368.

Bull, F. C., Maslin T. S. y Armstrong, T. (2009). Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ): Nine country reliability and validity study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6, 790–804. doi:10.1123/jpah.6.6.790.

Cándido, A., Orduña, E., Perales, J. C., Verdejo-García, A. y Billieux, J. (2012). Validation of a short Spanish version of the UPPS-P impulsive behaviour scale. Trastornos Adictivos, 14, 73–78. doi:10.1016/S1575-0973(12)70048-X.

Cyders, M. A., Flory, K., Rainer, S. y Smith, G. T. (2009). The role of personality dispositions to risky behavior in predicting first-year college drinking. Addiction, 104, 193–202. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02434.x.

Cyders, M. A., Smith, G. T., Spillane, N. S., Nichea, S., Fischer, S., Annus, A. M. y Peterson, C., (2007). Integration of impulsivity and positive mood to predict risky behavior: Development and validation of a measure of positive urgency. Psychological Assessment, 19, 107–118. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.1.107.

de Coverley Veale, D. M. W. (1987). Exercise dependence. British Journal of Addiction, 82, 735–740. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01539.x.

Dick, D. M., Smith, G., Olausson, P., Mitchell, S. H., Leeman, R. F., O’Malley, S. S. y Sher, K. (2010). Understanding the construct of impulsivity and its relationship to alcohol use disorders. Addiction Biology, 15, 217–226. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00190.x.

Dorris, D. C., Power, D. A. y Kenefick, E. (2012). Investigating the effects of ego depletion on physical exercise routines of athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 118–125. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.10.004.

Evenden, J. (1999). Impulsivity: A discussion of clinical and experimental findings. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 13, 180–192. doi:10.1177/026988119901300211.

Filiault, S. M. (2007). Measuring up in the bedroom: Muscle, thinness, and men’s sex lives. International Journal of Men’s Health, 6, 127–142. doi:10.3149/jmh.0602.127.

Ford, J. A. (2007). Substance use among college athletes: A comparison based on sport/team affiliation. Journal of American College Health, 55, 367–373. doi:10.3200/JACH.55.6.367-373.

García, F. M. y Llopis, G. R. (2011). Encuesta sobre los hábitos deportivos en España 2010. Ideal democrático y bienestar personal. Madrid, Spain: Consejo Superior de Deportes, Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.

Grandi, S., Clementi, C., Guidi, J., Benassi, M. y Tossani, E. (2011). Personality characteristics and psychological distress associated with primary exercise dependence: An exploratory study. Psychiatry Research, 189, 270–275. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.02.025.

Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Weinstein, A. y Gorelick, D. (2010). Introduction to behavioral addictions. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36, 233–241. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.491884.

Hale, B. D., Roth, A. D., DeLong, R. E. y Briggs, M. S. (2010). Exercise dependence and the drive for muscularity in male bodybuilders, power lifters, and fitness lifters. Body Image, 7, 234–239. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.02.001.

Hoyle, R. H., Fejfar, M. C. y Miller, J. D. (2000). Personality and sexual risk taking: A quantitative review. Journal of Personality, 68, 1203–1231. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00132.

Hurst, R., Hale, B. D., Smith, D. y Collins (2000). Exercise dependence, social physique anxiety, and social support in experienced and inexperienced bodybuilders and weight lifters. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 11, 319–325. doi:10.1136/bjsm.34.6.431.

Joseph, R. J., Alonso-Alonso, M., Bond, D. S., Pascual-Leone, A. y Blackburn, G. L. (2011). The neurocognitive connection between physical activity and eating behaviour. Obesity Reviews, 12, 800–812. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00893.x.

Knezevic-Budisin, B., Pedden, V., White, A., Miller, C. J. y Hoacken, P. N. S. (2015). A multifactorial conceptualization of impulsivity: Implications for research and clinical practice. Journal of Individual Differences, 36, 191-198. doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000173.

Kondric, M., Sekulic, D., Petroczi, A., Ostojic, L., Rodek, L. y Ostojic, Z. (2011). Is there a danger for myopia in anti-doping education? Comparative analysis of substance use and misuse in Olympic racket sports calls for a broader approach. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 6, 27. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-6-27.

Kondric, M., Sindik, J., Furjan-Mandic, G. y Schiefler, B. (2013). Participation motivation and student’s physical activity among sport students in three countries. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 12, 10–18.

Lamptey, J.J. (2005). Socio-demographic characteristics of substance abusers admitted to a private specialist clinic. Ghana Medical Journal, 39, 2–7. doi:10.4314/gmj.v39i1.35973.

Landolfi, E. (2013). Exercise addiction. Sports Medicine, 43, 111–119. doi:10.1007/s40279-012-0013-x.

Lejoyeux, M., Tassain, V., Solomon, J. y Adès, J. (1997). Study of compulsive buying in depressed patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58, 169–173. doi:10.4088/JCP.v58n0406.

Lerma-Cabrera, J. M., Carvajal, F. y Lopez-Legarrea, P. (2015). Food addiction as a new piece of the obesity framework. Nutrition Journal, 15, 5–10. doi:10.1186/s12937-016-0124-6.

Lichtenstein, M. B., Christiansen, E., Elklit, A., Bilenberg, N. y Støving, R. K. (2014). Exercise addiction: A study of eating disorder symptoms, quality of life, personality traits and attachment styles. Psychiatry Research, 215, 410–416. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.11.010.

Lisha, N. E. y Sussman, S. (2010). Relationship of high school and college sports participation with alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use: A review. Addictive Behaviors. 35, 399–407. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.12.032.

Litt, D. y Dodge, T. (2008). A longitudinal investigation of the Drive for Muscularity Scale: Predicting the use of performance enhancing substances and weightlifting among males. Body Image, 5, 346–351. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.04.002.

MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S. y Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84–99. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84.

Mansoubi, M., Pearson, N., Biddle, J. H. y Clemes, S. (2014). The relationship between sedentary behaviour and physical activity in adults: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine, 69, 28–35. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.08.028.

Martín-Fernández, M., Matalí, J. L., García-Sánchez, S., Pardo, M., Lleras, M. y Castellano-Tejedor, C. (2017). Adolescents with Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD): profiles and treatment response. Adicciones, 29, 125-133. doi:10.20882/adicciones.890.

McCreary, D. R. (2012). Muscularity and body image. In T. F. Cash (Ed.), Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance (pp. 561–567). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

McCreary, D. R. y Sasse, D. K. (2000). An exploration of the drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls. Journal of American College Health, 48, 297–304. doi:10.1080/07448480009596271.

Mond, J. M., Hay, P. J., Rodgers, B. y Owen, C. (2006). An update on the definition of “excessive exercise” in eating disorders research. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39, 147–153. doi:10.1002/eat.20214.

Murnen, S. K. y Don, B. P. (2012). Body image and gender roles. In T. F. Cash (Ed.), Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance. (pp. 128–134). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Murray, S. B., Rieger, E., Touyz, S. W. y De la Garza García (2010). Muscle dysmorphia and the DSM-V conundrum: Where does it belong? A review paper. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43, 483–491. doi:10.1002/eat.20828.

Navas, F. J., Torres, A., Cándido, A. y Perales, J. C. (2014). ¿’Nada’ o ‘un poco’? ¿’Mucho’ o ‘demasiado’?” La impulsividad como marcador de gravedad en niveles problemático y no problemático de uso de alcohol e Internet. Adicciones, 26, 159–167. doi:10.20882/adicciones.19.

Navas, J. F., Torres, A., Vilar, R., Verdejo-García, A., Catena, A. y Perales, J. C. (2014). Nonmonetary decision-making indices discriminate between different behavioral components of gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31, 1545–1560. doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9482-1.

Pedrero Pérez, E. J., Rodríguez Monje, M. T., Gallardo Alonso, F., Fernández Girón, M., Pérez López, M. y Chicharro Romero, Y. J. (2007). Validación de un instrumento para la detección de trastornos de control de impulsos y adicciones: el MULTICAGE CAD-4. Trastornos Adictivos, 9, 269–278. doi:10.1016/S1575-0973(07)75656-8.

Perry, J. L. y Carroll, M. E. (2008). The role of impulsive behavior in drug abuse. Psychopharmacology, 200, 1–26. doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1173-0.

Petry, N. M., Stinson, F. S. y Grant, B. F. (2005). Comorbidity of DSM-IV pathological gambling and other psychiatric disorders: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 564–574. doi:10.4088/JCP.v66n0504.

Raymond, N. C., Coleman, E. y Miner, M. H. (2003). Psychiatric comorbidity and compulsive/impulsive traits in compulsive sexual behavior. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 44, 370–380. doi:10.1016/S0010-440X(03)00110-X.

Rodríguez Monje, M. T., Pedrero Pérez, E. J., Fernández Girón, M., Gallardo Alonso, F. y Sanz Cuesta, T. (2009). Detección precoz de conductas adictivas en atención primaria: Utilización del MULTICAGE CAD-4. Atención Primaria, 41, 25–32. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2008.04.004.

Schag, K., Schoenleber, J., Teufel, M., Zipfel, S. y Giel, K. E. (2013). Food-related impulsivity in obesity and binge eating disorder. A systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 14, 477–495. doi:10.1111/obr.12017.

Swami, V., Diwell, R. y McCreary, D. R. (2014). Sexuality and the drive for muscularity: Evidence of associations among British men. Body Image, 11, 542–546. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.08.008.

Verdejo-García, A., Lawrence, A. J. y Clark, L. (2008). Impulsivity as a vulnerability marker for substance-use disorders: Review of findings from high-risk research, problem gamblers and genetic association studies. Neuroscience Biobehavior Review, 32, 777–810. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.11.003.

Vohs, K. D. y Baumeister, R. F. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of self-regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Whiteside, S. P. y Lynam, D. R. (2001). The five factor model and impulsivity: Using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 669–689. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00064-7.

Whiteside, S. P., Lynam, D. R., Miller, J. D. y Reynolds, S. K. (2005). Validation of the UPPS impulsive behaviour scale: A four-factor model of impulsivity. European Journal of Personality, 19, 559–574. doi:10.1002/per.556.

Wills, T. A. y Dishion, T. J. (2004). Temperament and adolescent substance use: A transactional analysis of emerging self-control. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 69–81. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_7.

Wills, T. A., Isasi, C. R., Don Mendoza, M. A. y Ainette, M. G. M. A. (2007). Self-control constructs related to measures of dietary intake and physical activity in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 551–558. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.06.013.

Yen, J. Y., Ko, C. H., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S. y Chen, C. C. (2009). The association between harmful alcohol use and Internet addiction among college students: Comparison of personality. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 63, 218–224. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01943.x.

Zapolski, T. C. B., Cyders, M. A. y Smith, G. T. (2009). Positive urgency predicts illegal drug use and risky sexual behavior. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23, 348–354. doi:10.1037/a0014684.

Ziemainz, H., Stoll, O., Drescher, A., Erath, R., Schipfer, M. y Zeulner, B. (2013). Die gefährdung zur sportsucht in ausdauersportarten. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin, 64, 57–64. doi:10.5960/dzsm.2012.057.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.926

Enlaces refback

  • No hay ningún enlace refback.