Violencia en consumidores de drogas ilícitas reclutados en centros específicos de tratamiento

Elisabet Arribas-Ibar, Josep Maria Suelves, Albert Sanchez-Niubò, Judit Tirado-Muñoz, Antonia Domingo-Salvany, M Teresa Brugal

Resumen


El uso ilícito de drogas se ha asociado a lesiones producidas por violencia. Nuestro objetivo es estimar en usuarios de drogas ilícitas, la prevalencia de violencia en los últimos 12 meses y estudiar la superposición víctima-agresor. Se reclutaron personas consumidoras de drogas ilícitas (502) en centros de tratamiento de drogas. La violencia se evaluó mediante cuatro preguntas sobre victimización y una sobre agresión referidas a los últimos 12 meses. Las asociaciones entre violencia y aspectos sociodemográficos, consumo de sustancias, delincuencia y mercado de drogas ilegales se analizaron con modelos de regresión de Poisson. El 49,6% de los hombres y el 54,7% de las mujeres reportaron victimización; la agresión un 36,5% y 27,6%, respectivamente. Se observaron prevalencias elevadas de víctima y de ofensor entre los participantes con actividades marginales de generación de ingresos y con uso de riesgo de alcohol. La victimización fue más probable en las mujeres que usaban vía parenteral y entre los hombres con consumo precoz de drogas ilegales, policonsumo de drogas ilegales y antecedentes penitenciarios. La agresión fue más probable entre los hombres receptores de tratamiento psicológico, consumo precoz de drogas ilegales, policonsumo de drogas ilegales y antecedentes penitenciarios, y entre las mujeres, aquellas que reportaron consumo precoz de drogas ilegales y que habían traficado. Se encontró una alta prevalencia de violencia en los usuarios de drogas ilícitas, especialmente entre aquellos involucrados en actividades de mercado y delincuencia. Los centros de tratamiento de drogas deberían considerar evaluar los antecedentes y los signos de violencia, y promover estrategias de salud comunitaria.

Palabras clave


Drogas ilegales; Violencia; Crimen; Género; Víctima-agresor

Texto completo:

PDF PDF (English)

Referencias


Albertson, T. E., Walby, W. F. y Derlet, R. W. (1995). Stimulant-induced pulmonary toxicity. Chest, 108, 1140–1149. doi:10.1378/chest.108.4.1140.

Anderson, T. L. (2001). Drug Use and Gender. InFaupel, C. E. y Roman, P. M. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Criminology and Deviant Behavior, Vol. IV: Self-Destructive Behavior and Disvalued Identity (pp. 286-289). Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.

Arribas-Ibar, E., Suelves, J. M., Sanchez-Niubò, A., Domingo-Salvany, A. y Brugal, T. M. (2017). Suicidal behaviours in male and female users of illicit drugs recruited in drug treatment facilities. Gaceta Sanitaria, 31(4), 292-298. doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2016.11.011.

Bennett, T., Holloway. K. y Farrington, D. (2008). The statistical association between drug misuse and crime: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13, 107–118. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2008.02.001.

Boles, S. M. y Miotto, K. (2003). Substance abuse and violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 8, 155–174. doi:10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00057-X.

Bradley, K. A., DeBenedetti, A. F., Volk, R. J., Williams, E. C., Frank, D. y Kivlahan, D. R. (2007). AUDIT-C as a brief screen for alcohol misuse in primary care. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 1208-1217. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00403.x.

Bushman, B. J. y Cooper, H. M. (1990). Effects of alcohol on human aggression: an integrative research review. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 341–354. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.107.3.341.

Caldentey, C., Tirado Muñoz, J., Ferrer, T., Fonseca Casals, F., Rossi, P., Mestre-Pintó, J. I. y Torrens Melich, M. (2017). Intimate partner violence among female drug users admitted to the general hospital: screening and prevalence. Adicciones, 29, 172-179. doi:10.20882/adicciones.738. 

Carpentier, C. (2007). Drugs in focus: Drugs and crime- a complex relationship towards a definition of drug-related crime. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Collyer, C. E., Brell, A., Moster, A. y Furey, J. (2011). Individual differences in sensitivity to violence. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 113, 703–714. doi:10.2466/07.17.21.PMS.113.6.703-714.

Crane, C. A., Godleski, S. A., Przybyla, S. M., Schlauch, R. C. y Testa, M. (2016). The Proximal Effects of Acute Alcohol Consumption on Male-to-Female Aggression: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Experimental Literature. Trauma Violence Abuse, 17, 520-531. doi:10.1177/1524838015584374.

Cunningham, R., Walton, M. A., Maio, R. F., Blow, F. C., Weber, J. E. y Mirel, L. (2003). Violence and substance use among an injured emergency department population. Academic Emergency Medicine, 10, 764-775. doi:10.1197/aemj.10.7.764.

Daday, J. K., Broidy, L. M., Crandall, C. S. y Sklar, D. P. (2005). Individual, Neighborhood, and Situational Factors Associated with Violent Victimization and Offending. Criminal Justice Studies, 18, 215-235. doi:10.1080/14786010500287347.

Darke, S., Torok, M., Kaye, S., Ross, J. y McKetin, R. (2010).Comparative rates of violent crime among regular methamphetamine and opioid users: Offending and victimization. Addiction, 105,  916-91. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02872.x.

Davis, W. M. (1996). Psychopharmacologic violence associated with cocaine abuse: kindling of a límbic dyscontrol syndrome?. Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 20, 1273-1300. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02872.x.

Erickson, P. G. (2001). Drugs, violence, and public health: What does a harm reduction approach have to offer? Sensible solutions to the urban drug problem. In Basham P. (Ed). Canada, Vanouver: Fraser Institute Digital Publication.

Fridell, M. y Nilson, M. (2004). Co-morbidity-drug use and mental disorders. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.

Giancola, P. R. (2015). Development and Evaluation of Theories of Alcohol-Related Violence: Covering a 40-Year Span. Substance Use Misuse, 50, 1182-1187. doi:10.3109/10826084.2015.1010836.

Gilchrist, G., Taylor, A., Goldberg, D., Mackie, C., Denovan, A. y Green, S. T. (2001). Behavioural and Lifestyle Study of Women Using a Drop-In Centre for Female Street Sex Workers in Glasgow, Scotland: A 10 Year Comparative Study. Addiction Research & Theory, 9, 43-58. doi:10.3109/16066350109141771.

Goldstein, P. J. (1985). The Drugs/Violence Nexus: A Tripartite Conceptual Framework. Journal of Drug Issues, 39, 143–174. doi:10.1177/002204268501500406.

Jennings, W. G., Piquero, A. R. y Reingle, J. M. (2012). On the overlap between victimization and offending: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 16-26. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.003.

Klee, H. y Morris, J. (1994). Crime and drug misuse: economic and psychological aspects of the criminal activites of heroin and amphetamine injectors. Addiction Research, 1, 377-386. doi:10.3109/16066359409005204.

Kuhns, J. B. (2005). The dynamic nature of the drug use/serious violence relationship: a multi-causal approach. Violence Victim, 20, 433-454. doi:10.1891/vivi.2005.20.4.433.

Lauritsen, J. L. y Rezey, M. L. (2013). Measuring the prevalence of crime with the national crime victimization survey. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics.

MacDonald, S., Anglin-Bodrug, K., Mann, R. E., Erickson, P., Hathaway, A., Chipman, M. y Rylett, M. (2003). Injury risk associated with cannabis and cocaine use. A review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 72, 99-115. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(03)00202-3. 

MacDonald, S., Wells, S., Giesbrecht, N. y Cherpitel, C. J. (1999). Demographic and substance use factors related to violent and accidental injuries: Results from an emergency room study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 55, 53–61. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(98)00184-7.

Maisto, S. A., McKay, J. R. y Connors, G. J. (1990). Self-report issues in substance abuse: State of the art and future directions. Behavioral Assessment, 12, 117–134.

Martin, I., Palepu, A., Wood, E., Li, K., Montaner, J. y Kerr, T. (2008). Violence among street-involved youth: The role of methamphetamine. European Addiction Research, 15, 32-8. doi:10.1159/000173007.

Office of Applied Studies. (1997). 1996 National Household Server. Washington, DC: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Association.

Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2004). Guidelines for Conducting Community Surveys on Injuries and Violence. Geneva: Author. 

Parker, H. y Bottomley, T. (1996). Crack cocaine and drugs: crime careers. London: Home Office Publications Unit.

Parker, H. y Newcombe, R. (1987). Heroin use and acquisitive crime in an English community. British Journal of Sociology, 38, 331-350. doi:10.2307/590692.

Pierce, M., Hayhurst, K., Bird, S. M., Hickman, M., Seddon, T., Dunn, G. y Millar, T. (2015). Quantifying crime associated with drug use among a large cohort of sanctioned offenders in England and Wales. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 155, 52–59. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.018.

Posick, C. y Zimmerman, G. M. (2015). Person-in-context: insights on contextual variation in the victim-offender overlap across schools. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30, 1432–1455. doi:10.1177/0886260514540327.

Reuter, P. (2009). Systemic violence in drug markets. Crime, Law and Social Change, 52, 275–284. doi:10.1007/s10611-009-9197-x.

Richardson, L. A., Long, C., DeBeck, K., Nguyen, P., Milloy, M. J., Wood, E. y Kerr, T. H. (2015). Socioeconomic marginalisation in the structural production of vulnerability to violence among people who use illicit drugs. Journal of Epidemiology Community Health, 69, 686–692. doi:10.1136/jech-2014-205079.

Ritter, A. (2006). Studying illicit drug markets: Disciplinary contributions. International Journal of Drug Policy,17, 453–463. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.09.004.

Rodriguez, N. y Griffin, M. (2005). Gender Differences in Drug Market Activities: A Comparative Assessment of Men and Women’s Participation in the Drug Market. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Rutter, M. (2002). The interplay of nature, nurture, and developmental influences: the challenge ahead for mental health. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 996-1000. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.11.996. 

Seddon, T. (2000). Explaining the drug-crime link: Theoretical, policy and research issues. Journal of Social Policy, 29, 95-107. doi:10.1017/S0047279400005833.

Shäffer, J. N. (2004). The Victim-Offender Overlap: Specifying the Role of Peer Groups (Doctoral thesis, Pennsylvania State University). Recuperado de https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/205126.pdf.

Single, E., Robson, L., Rehm, J. y Xi, X. (1999). Morbidity and mortality attributable to alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use in Canada. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 385–390. doi:10.2105/AJPH.89.3.385. 

Sommers, I., Baskin, D. y Baskin-Sommers, A (2006). Methamphetamine use among young adults: health and social consequences. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 1469-1476. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.10.004.

Stevens, A., Berto, D., Frick, U., Kerschl, V., McSweeney, T., Schaaf, S.,… Werdenich, W. (2007).  The Victimization of Dependent Drug Users. European Journal of Criminology, 4, 385-408. doi:10.1177/1477370807080719.

Strunin, L., Díaz-Martínez, L. R., Díaz-Martínez, A., Heeren, T., Winter, M., Kuranz, S.,… Solís-Torres, C. (2015). Drinking Patterns and Victimization among Male and Female Students in Mexico. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 50, 226–235. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agu092.

Testa, M. y Derrick, J. L. (2014). A daily process examination of the temporal association between alcohol use and verbal and physical aggression in community couples. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28, 127–138. doi:10.1037/a0032988.

Testa, M. y Hoffman, J. H. (2012). Naturally Occurring Changes in Women’s Drinking From High School to College and Implications for Sexual Victimization. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 73, 26–33. doi:10.15288/jsad.2012.73.26.

Tjaden, P. y Thoennes, N. (2000). Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and consequences of violence against women. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Topalli, V., Wright, R. y Fornango, R. (2002). Drug dealers, robbery and retaliation: Vulnerability, Deterrence and the Contagion of Violence. British Journal of Criminoly, 42, 337–351. doi:10.1093/bjc/42.2.337.

Torrens, M., Gilchrist, G. y Domingo-Salvany, A. (2011). Psychiatric comorbidity in illicit drug users: Substance-induced versus independent disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 113, 147–156. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.013.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (1995). The social impact of drug abuse. Vienna: Author. 

Wahler, E. A.  (2012). The relationship of social stress, economic hardship, and psychological distress to addiction severity among kentucky substance abuse treatment participants (Doctoral thesis, University of Kentucky). Recuperado de https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1000&context=csw_etds.

Werb, D., Rowell, G., Guyatt, G., Kerr, T., Montaner, J. y Wood, E. (2011). Effect of drug law enforcement on drug market violence: A systematic review. International Journal of Drug Policy, 22, 87–94.  doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.02.002.

White, H. y Norman, D. (2000). Dynamics of the Drug–Crime Relationship In Crimal Justice 2000. The nature of crime: continuity and change. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.988

Enlaces refback

  • No hay ningún enlace refback.