Consumo de substancias durante el embarazo y dimensiones de personalidad

María Luisa Imaz, Ricard Navinés, Estel Gelabert, Francina Fonseca, Alfonso Gutierrez-Zotes, Roser Guillamat, Klaus Langohr, Francesca Canellas, Inmaculada Gornemann, Javier Costas, Fermín Mayoral, Vicens Valles, Yolanda de Diego, Miquel Roca, José Luis Iborra, Mónica Gratacos, Elisabeth Vilella, Lluïsa García-Esteve, Julio Sanjuan, Marta Torrens, Rocio Martin-Santos Laffon

Resumen


Este estudio evalúa los patrones de consumo de substancias durante el embarazo y las dimensiones de personalidad asociadas, en una muestra multicéntrica de 1804 mujeres de población general. En el 2-3 día posparto, completaron una entrevista auto-administrada sobre el consumo de alcohol, tabaco, cafeína, cannabis, cocaína, opiáceos, drogas de diseño, además de variables socio-demográficas, obstétricas/reproductivas, historia psiquiátrica previa, apoyo social durante el embarazo y el cuestionario de personalidad de Eysenck (EPQ-RS). Se generaron modelos de regresión logística múltiple. La prevalencia del consumo fue del 50% (N=909): 40% cafeína, 21% tabaco, 3,5% alcohol, y 0,3 cannabis. Las puntuaciones T medias (DE) de personalidad fueron: extraversión 51,1 (9,6), psicoticismo 48 (8,9) y neuroticismo 43,6 (8,5). Las dimensiones de extraversión (p=0,029) y psicoticismo (p=0,009), fueron identificadas como factores de riesgo tras ajustar por edad, nivel educación, estatus laboral durante el embarazo, bajo apoyo social, e historia psiquiátrica previa. Para cada incremento de 10 unidades en sus puntuaciones, el odds de consumo de substancias durante el embarazo se incrementó un 12% y un 16% respectivamente. Menor educación, estar de baja, y antecedentes psiquiátricos fueron también factores independientes (p<0,05) asociados al consumo. Ser primípara fue factor protector (p=0,001). El modelo final mostró un ajuste satisfactorio (p=0,26). El cribaje de las mujeres con riesgo de consumo de substancias durante el embarazo debería incluir la personalidad además de variables psicosociales y antecedentes psiquiátricos. Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados es importante para prevenir y mejorar la salud materna y fetal/neonatal durante el embarazo y posparto.


Palabras clave


Alcohol; Cafeína; Cannabis; Tabaco; Consumo de substancias; Embarazo; Personalidad.

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Referencias


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1433

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