Neuroadaptaciones en los sistemas Glutamatérgico y Dopaminérgico durante la abstinencia de la cocaína

J.A. Crespo, S. Martín, E. Ambrosio

Resumen


El fenómeno de las recaídas en la adicción a drogas tras un periodo de abstinencia mantenido sigue siendo uno de los retos más difíciles de resolver. La vuelta al consumo produce, entre otros efectos, un gran desconcierto en el ex-abstinente y desorientación y desmotivación en los profesionales y el entorno familiar. Los factores que pueden facilitar un proceso de recaída son múltiples pero, en general, se incluyen en dos grandes grupos: los exógenos (fácil acceso a la sustancia; pertenencia a determinados grupos sociales...etc) y los endógenos (disfunciones de sistemas de neurotransmisores; condicionamiento a estímulos externos, la personalidad del sujeto; el estado mental... etc). Siendo obvia la importancia de los factores exógenos, hay cada día mayor cantidad de trabajos en la literatura científica que resaltan la posible función de los factores endógenos. En este trabajo presentaremos datos que demuestran la existencia de neuroadapataciones en los sistemas glutamatérgico y dopaminérgico tras la extinción de la conducta de autoadministración de cocaína en diversas regiones cerebrales de roedores de laboratorio. Esas neuroadaptaciones son más permanentes y duraderas en el sistema dopaminérgico. Considerados globalmente, estos resultados sugieren que durante la abstinencia de psicoestimulantes pueden producirse neuroadaptaciones en distintos sistemas de neurotransmisores que pueden mantener el deseo por la droga, exacerbar la potencialidad de los estímulos condicionados, incrementar la ansiedad...etc, y favorecer, en definitiva, una mayor vulnerabilidad a la recaída.


Palabras clave


autoadministración; extinción; cocaína; glutamato; dopamina; receptores; neuroadaptaciones; drogadicción; recaída

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Referencias


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.578

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