La relación entre fumar y depresión en la adolescencia: Implicaciones clínicas y preventivas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.601Palabras clave:
fumar, depresión, adolescentes, tratamiento, prevenciónResumen
La relación entre la depresión y el consumo de tabaco se ha estudiado ampliamente en los adultos, mientras que en los adolescentes se le ha prestado poca atención. Sin embargo, del 40% al 70% de los adolescentes deprimidos desarrollan una comorbilidad adicional. En este artículo se revisa la prevalencia del consumo de cigarrillos, la prevalencia de la depresión y la relación entre la depresión y el consumo de cigarrillos en la dolescencia. Los estudios revisados sugieren un elevado grado de comorbilidad entre depresión y fumar cigarrillos en la adolescencia. Este hallazgo debería poner sobre aviso a los clínicos y a otros profesionales de la salud que hay una mayor probabilidad de depresión en los adolescentes fumadores y viceversa. La comorbilidad entre fumar y depresión en los adolescentes sugiere también que la prevención del hábito de fumar y los programas para dejar de fumar deben de tener en cuenta los porcentajes elevados de depresión en los jovenes adolescentes.Citas
American Psychiatric Association (1996). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with guideline for the treatment of patients with nicotine dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1-31.
Anda, R.F., Williamson, D.F., Escobedo, L.G., Mast, E.E., Giovino, G.A. y Remington, P.L. (1990). Depression and the dynamics of smoking: A national perspective. JAMA, 264, 15411545.
Angold, A. (1988). Childhood and adolescent depression. I. Epidemiological and etiological aspects. British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 601-617.
Becoña, E., Palomares, A. y García, M.P. (1994). Prevención y tratamiento del tabaquismo. Madrid: Pirámide.
Becoña, E. y Vázquez, F.L. (1998a). Estado actual de las alternativas terapéuticas para dejar de fumar. Adicciones, 10, 69-83.
Becoña, E. y Vázquez, F.L. (1998b). Tratamiento del tabaquismo. Madrid. Dykinson.
Birmaher, B., Ryan, N., Williamson, D., Brent, D., Kaufman, J., Dahl, R., Perel, J. y Nelson, B. (1996). Childhood and adolescence depression: A review of the past 10 years. Part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1427-1439.
Botvin, G.J. y Botvin, E.M. (1992). Adolescent tobacco, alcohol, and drug abuse: Prevention strategies, empirical findings, and assessment issues. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 13, 290-301.
Breslau, N., Kilbey, M. y Andreski, P. (1991). Nicotine dependence, major depression and anxiety in young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 1069-1074.
Breslau, N., Kilbey, M. y Andreski, P. (1993). Nicotine dependence and major depression: New evidence from a prospective investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 31-35.
Breslau, N., Peterson, E.L., Schultz, L.R., Chilcoat, H.D. y Andreski, P. (1998). Major depression and stages of smoking. A longitudinal investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 161-166.
Brown, R.A., Lewinsohn, P, Seeley, J.R. y Wagner, E.F. (1996). Cigarette smoking, major depression, and other psychiatric disorders among adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1602-1610.
Burke, K.C., Burke, J.D., Regier, D.A. y Raes, D.S. (1990). Age at onset of selected mental disorders in five community populations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 511518.
Calafat, A. y Amengual, M. (1991). Depresión, depresividad y toxicomanía. Adicciones, 2, 75100.
Calafat, A., Amengual, M., Mejías, G., Borrás, M. y Escosura, M.J. (1990). Los jóvenes de hoy. Palma de Mallorca: Consell Insular de Mallorca.
Centers for Disease Control. (1991). Smoking-attributable mortality and years of potential life lost: United States, 1990. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 40, 6263, 6971.
Centers for Disease Control. (1996a). Tobaco use and usual source of cigarettes among high school students- United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 45, 413-418.
Centers for Disease Control. (1996b). Projected smokingrelated death among youth: United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 45, 971-974.
Choi, W.S., Patten, C.A., Gillin, J.C., Kaplan, R.M. y Pierce, J.P. (1997). Cigarette smoking predicts development of depressive symptoms among U.S. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 19, 42-50.
Cicchetti, D. y Toth, S.L. (1998). The development of depression in children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 53, 221-241.
Cleary, P.D., Hitchocok, J.L., Semmer, N., Flinchbaugh, L.J. y Pinney, J.M. (1988). Adolescence smoking: Research and health politics. Milbank Quarterly, 66, 137-171.
Covey, L.S., Hughes, D., Glassman, A.H., Blazer, D.G. y George, L.K. (1994). Eversmoking, quitting, and psychiatric disorders: Evidence from the Durham, North Carolina, Epidemiologic Catchment Area. Tobacco Control, 3, 222-227.
Covey, L.S., Glassman, A.H. y Stetner, F. (1998). Cigarette smoking and major depression. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 17, 35-46.
Covey, L.S. y Tam, D. (1990). Depressive mood, the singleparent home, and adolescent cigarette smoking. American Journal of Public Health, 80, 1330-1333.
Culbertson, F.M. (1997). Depression and gender. An international review. American Psychologist, 52, 25-31.
Escobedo, L., Kirch, D.G. y Anda, R.F. (1996). Depression and smoking initiation among US Latinos. Addiction, 91, 113-119.
Escobedo, L., Reddy, M. y Giovino, G. (1998). The relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking in US adolescents. Addiction, 93, 433-440.
Fergusson, D., Lynskey, M. y Horwood, J. (1996). Comorbidity between depressive disorders and nicotine dependence in a cohort of 16-year-olds. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 1043-1047.
Glassman, A.H. (1993). Cigarette smoking: Implications for psychiatric illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 546-553.
Johnston, L.D., O´Malley, P.M. y Backman, J.G. (1996). National Survey Results on Drug Use From the Monitoring the Future Study: 19751995. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Hall, S.M., Muñoz, R.F. y Reus, V.I. (1994). Cognitive-behavioral intervention increases abstinence rates for depressive-history smokers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Pschology, 62, 141-146.
Harrington, R., Rutter, M. y Fombonne, E. (1996). Developmental pathways in depression: Multiple meanings, antededents, and endpoints. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 601-616.
Hirschman, R.S., Leventhal, H. y Glynn, K. (1984). The development of smoking behavior: Conceptualization and supportive cross-sectional survey data. Journal Applied Social Psychology, 14, 184-206.
Kandel, D.B. y Davies, M. (1986). Adult sequelae of adolescent depressive symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 255-262.
Kendler, K.S., Neale, M.C., MacLean, C.J., Heath, A.C., Eaves, L.J. y Kessler, R.C. (1993). Smoking and major depression: A causal analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 3643.
Kessler, R., McGonagle, K., Zhao, S., Nelson, C., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H. y Kendler, K. (1994). Lifetime and 12month prevalence of DSMIII-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the
national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 819.
Kovacs, M. (1989). Affective disorders in children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 44, 209-215.
Kovacs, M. (1996). Presentation and course of major depressive disorder during childhood and later years of the life span. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 705-715.
Kovacks, M., Akiskal, H., Gatsonis, C. y Parrone, P. (1994). Childhood-onset dysthymic disorder: Clinical features and prospective naturalistic outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 365-374.
Kovacs, M. , Feinberg, T., Crouse-Novak, M., Paulauskas, S., Pollock, M. y Finkelstein, R. (1984). Depressive disorders in childhood. II. A longitudinal study of the risk for a subsequent major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 643649.
Lewinsohn, P.M., Clarke, G.N., Hops, H., Andrews, J.A. (1990). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for depressed adolescents. Behavior Therapy, 21, 385-401.
Mendoza, R., Sagrera, R.R. y Batista, J.M. (1994). Conductas de los escolares españoles relacionadas con la salud (1986-1990). Madrid: CSIC.
Miller, S.K. y Slap, G. (1989). Adolescent smoking: A review of prevalence and prevention. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 10, 129-135.
Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo (1992). Estudio de los estilos de vida de la población adulta española. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Dirección General de Salud Pública.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1990). Sex differences in depression. Standford, CA: Standford University Press.
Patton, G.C., Hibbert, M., Rosier, M.J., Carlin, J.B., Caust, J. y Bowes, G. (1996). Is smoking associated with depresssion and anxiety in teenagers? American Journal of Public Health, 86, 225-230.
Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (1997). Encuesta domiciliaria sobre uso de drogas. Madrid: Plan Nacional sobre Drogas.
Rojas, N.L., Killen, J.D., Haydel, K.F. y Robinson, T.N. (1998). Nicotine dependence among adolescent smokers. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 152, 151156.
Stefanis, C.N. y Kokkevi, A. (1986). Depression and drug use. Psychopathology, 19, 124-131.
USDHHS (1964). Smoking and Health. Report of Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Services. Rockville, Maryland: U.S. Department of Public Health Service.
USDHHS (1989). The health consequences of smoking. 25 years of progress. A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
USDHHS (1990). The health benefits of smoking cessation. A report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
USDHHS (1994). Preventing tobacco use among young people. A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Vázquez, F. y Becoña, E. (1998). ¿El hábito de fumar tiene relación con la depresión? Psicothema, 10, 229-239.
Wang, M.Q., Fitzhugh, E.C., Turner, L., Fu, Q. y Westerfield, R.C. (1996). Association of depressive symptoms and school adolescents´ smoking: A crosslagged analysis. Psychological Reports, 79, 127130.
Wang, M.Q., Fitzhugh, E.C., Westerfield, R.C. y Eddy, J.M. (1994). Predicting smoking status by symptoms of depresssion for U.S. Adolescents. Psychological Reports, 75, 911914.
Wetter, D.W., Fiore, M.C., Gritz, E.R., Lando, H.A., Stitzer, M.L., Hasselblad, V. y Baker, T. (1998). The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Smoking Cessation Clinical Practice Guideline. American Psychologist, 53, 657669.
