Consumo de alcohol, dependencia alcohólica, trastornos relacionados con el alcohol en España. Impacto de los tratamientos de la dependencia alcohólica

Jürgen Rehm, Maximilien X. Rehm, Kevin D. Shield, Gerrit Gmel, Antoni Gual

Resumen


El consumo de alcohol en España ha seguido tradicionalmente los patrones
mediterráneos: consumo diario en las comidas, preferentemente cerveza
y comparativamente poco consumo dirigido a la intoxicación. La depen-dencia alcohólica (AD), una de las enfermedades más deteriorantes provo- cadas por el alcohol, tiene una prevalencia del 0.2% en mujeres y del 1.2% en hombres, lo que significa que unas 31,200 mujeres y 186,000 hombres en España padecían AD en 2005 en el grupo etario comprendido entre 15 y 64 años. Estas prevalencias son probablemente estimaciones a la baja, debidas básicamente a limitaciones en el World Mental Health Survey que no son susceptibles de ser corregidas. Sin embargo, dichas estimaciones son las mas actualizadas y fiables en la actualidad. El alcohol genera importantes costes para la salud en España: 11.3 muertes prematuras por 100.000 en mujeres entre 15 y 64 años, y 40.9 muertes prematuras por 100.000 hombres en el mismo grupo etario fueron debidas al consumo de alcohol (datos del 2004). Ello significa que el 8.4% de todas las muertes en mujeres y el 12.3% en varones de este grupo etario son atribuibles al alcohol. Un elevado porcentaje de estas muertes fueron debidas al consu- mo muy elevado de alcohol y a la AD. La AD está infratratada en España. Menos del 10% de los afectados por AD reciben tratamiento. Entre los que reciben tratamiento, la psicoterapia es el método mas utilizado para preve- nir recaídas. Si el 40% de pacientes AD en España siguieran tratamiento farmacológico (el tratamiento mas efectivo), 2.2% de las muertes provo- cadas por AD en mujeres y 6.2% en hombres, se podrían prevenir en un año. Así pues, incrementar las tasas de tratamiento puede ser un instru- mento eficaz para reducir los costes para la salud y la mortalidad atribui- bles al alcohol en España.

Palabras clave


Alcohol; dependencia; mortalidad; tratamiento; España

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.67

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