Avances en el desarrollo de productos biológicos para el tratamiento de la adicción a las drogas y las sobredosis Advances in the Development of Biologics to Treat Drug Addictions and Overdose

Autores/as

  • Iván D. Montoya Deputy Director. Division of Pharmacotherapies and Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Enviar correspondencia a: Iván D. Montoya. imontoya@mail.nih.gov

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.101

Palabras clave:

Productos biológicos, vacunas, anticuerpos, enzimas, abuso de drogas, sobredosis Biologics, vaccines, antibodies, enzymes, drug abuse, overdose

Resumen

La adicción a las drogas es un trastorno complejo que requiere diversos abordajes, entre los que está el uso de tratamientos farmacológicos. Actualmente, estas terapias se basan en “pequeñas” moléculas o sustancias químicas que atraviesan la barrera hematoencefálica y actúan sobre los neurotransmisores. Desafortunadamente, con frecuencia no tienen la eficacia deseada o pueden causar efectos secundarios no deseados, que afectan especialmente el sistema nervioso central (SNC). Un enfoque novedoso es el uso de productos biológicos para el tratamiento de la adicción a las drogas. Los productos biológicos son generalmente moléculas complejas y “grandes”, que no atraviesan la barrera hematoencefálica y por tanto, no tienen efectos sobre el SNC. En principio, parece que estos productos impiden el acceso de las drogas de abuso al cerebro, con lo cual se previene la activación de los sistemas de recompensa del cerebro y, en consecuencia, se produce la extinción de la adicción. Los tratamientos biológicos incluyen inmunoterapias, tales como las vacunas o los anticuerpos, así como también las enzimas. La aparición de nuevos productos, así como métodos de producción más modernos y eficientes, está posibilitando enormes oportunidades para avanzar en el descubrimiento y desarrollo de productos biológicos para el tratamiento de las adicciones, así como también de las sobredosis por drogas. Estos productos incluyen nuevas vacunas con mayor especificidad y capacidad de producir anticuerpos, nuevos métodos y técnicas para producir vacunas y anticuerpos, y nuevas enzimas butyrylcholinesterases con una alta eficiencia para metabolizar cocaína. El propósito de este artículo es proporcionar una visión general del desarrollo de productos biológicos para el tratamiento de adicción a las drogas y la sobredosis.
Drug addictions are complex disorders that require multiple approaches, including the use of pharmacotherapies. Currently, these therapies are based on “small” molecules or chemicals that penetrate the blood-brain barrier, reach the brain, and produce their effects on neurotransmitter systems. Unfortunately, they often do not have the desired efficacy or may cause undesirable side effects, especially at the central nervous system (CNS) level. A novel approach is the use of biologics to treat drug addictions. Biologics are usually complex and “large” molecules, which do not cross the blood-brain barrier and, thus, have no CNS effects. In principle, it appears that the efficacy of biologics to treat drug addiction is by preventing the access of the drug of abuse to the brain, preventing the activation of brain reward systems, and eventually producing the extinction of addiction. Biologic therapeutics includes immunotherapies, such as vaccines or antibodies, as well as enzymes. New products as well as new and more efficient methods of production, are offering vast opportunities to advance the discovery and development of biologics to treat addictions as well as drug overdose. These products include new vaccines with greater specificity and ability to produce antibodies, new methods and techniques to produce vaccines and antibodies, as well as new enzymes with high efficiency to metabolize cocaine. The purpose of the article is to provide a general overview of the development of biologics for the treatment of drug addictions and overdose.

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Publicado

2012-06-01

Número

Vol. 24 Núm. 2 (2012)

Sección

Editorial