Relación entre consumo de sustancias y rasgos esquizotípicos en adolescentes escolarizados Relationship between substance use and schizotypal traits in school-aged adolescents

Autores/as

  • Mª de los Ángeles Sánchez-García Universidad de La Rioja
  • Javier Ortuño-Sierra Universidad de La Rioja
  • Mercedes Paino Universidad de Oviedo
  • Eduardo Fonseca-Pedrero Universidad de La Rioja. CIBERSAM

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1216

Palabras clave:

Adolescencia, Consumo sustancias, Drogas, Esquizotipia, Rasgos esquizotípicos Adolescence, Substance consumption, Drugs, Schizotypy, Schizotypal traits

Resumen

Objetivo: analizar la posible relación entre el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (en concreto, tabaco, alcohol y cannabis) y los rasgos esquizotípicos en una muestra representativa de adolescentes escolarizados de la población general.  Método: diseño transversal descriptivo tipo encuesta. La muestra se compuso por 1.588 estudiantes (M = 16,13 años; DT = 1,36; 739 varones, 46,5%), seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio estratificado por conglomerados. Los instrumentos administrados fueron el Cuestionario Oviedo para la Evaluación de la Esquizotipia, el Cuestionario de Consumo de Sustancias Modificado, el Cuestionario de Capacidades y Dificultades, el Penn Matrix Reasoning Test, la Family Affluence Scale-II y la Escala Oviedo de Infrecuencia de Respuesta. Resultados: una vez controlado el efecto de múltiples covariables (género, edad, cociente intelectual, nivel socio-económico, psicopatología previa y consumo de sustancias), los consumidores de alcohol comparados con los no consumidores, informaron de mayores puntuaciones medias en la dimensión Desorganización Social. Los consumidores de tabaco comparados con los no consumidores, informaron de mayores puntuaciones medias en las dimensiones de esquizotipia de Anhedonia y Desorganización Social. Con respecto al consumo de cannabis, no se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre consumidores y no consumidores en las dimensiones esquizotípicas. Conclusiones: controlando el efecto de múltiples variables de confundido, los adolescentes consumidores de tabaco y alcohol –según su frecuencia– informaron de mayores puntuaciones en rasgos esquizotípicos. Futuros estudios podrían continuar analizando el papel del consumo de sustancias en la aparición de trastornos mentales, como la psicosis, mediante nuevas metodologías como la evaluación ambulatoria.
Goal: The main goal of the present study was to analyze the relationship between substance use (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis) and schizotypal traits in a representative sample of school-aged adolescents from the general population. Method: cross-sectional, descriptive survey 1,588 students (M = 16.13 years, SD = 1.36), 739 male (46.5%), selected by random stratified cluster sampling, participated in the study. The instruments administered were the Oviedo Questionnaire for Schizotypy Assessment, the Modified Substance Use Questionnaire, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Penn Matrix Reasoning Test, the Family Affluence Scale-II, and the Oviedo Infrequency Scale. Results: Controlling for the effects of multiple covariates (gender, age, IQ, socio-economic level, psychopathology and consumption), the results showed that compared with non-users, alcohol drinkers reported higher average scores in the Social Disorganization dimension. Cigarette smokers, differentiated by frequency, reported higher average scores in the Anhedonia and Social Disorganization dimensions than non-smokers. No statistically significant differences between users and non-users of cannabis were found in terms of schizotypal traits. Conclusion: controlling for the effects of multiple covariates, adolescents who use tobacco and alcohol reported higher scores – depending on frequency of use – in schizotypal traits. Future studies should continue to analyze the role of substance use in individuals at risk of psychosis and determine its role in the transition to serious mental disorders using new methodologies such as ambulatory assessment.

Biografía del autor/a

Mª de los Ángeles Sánchez-García, Universidad de La Rioja

Departamento de Ciencias de la Educación. Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño. España.

Javier Ortuño-Sierra, Universidad de La Rioja

Departamento de Ciencias de la Educación. Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño. España.

Mercedes Paino, Universidad de Oviedo

Departamento de Psicología. Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo. España.

Eduardo Fonseca-Pedrero, Universidad de La Rioja. CIBERSAM

Departamento de Ciencias de la Educación. Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño. España.Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Oviedo. España.

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2021-01-15

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Vol. 33 Núm. 1 (2021)

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