Apego y consumo de sustancias en la adolescencia: Una revisión de aspectos conceptuales y metodológicos Attachment and substance use in adolescence: A review of conceptual and methodological aspects

Autores/as

  • Elisardo Becoña Iglesias Universidad de Santiago de Compostela European Institute of Studies on Prevention (IREFREA)
  • Elena Fernández del Río Universidad de Zaragoza
  • Amador Calafat European Institute of Studies on Prevention (IREFREA)
  • José Ramón Fernández-Hermida Universidad de Oviedo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.137

Palabras clave:

Apego, drogas, adolescencia, familia, revisión. attachment, drugs, adolescence, family, review.

Resumen

El apego se considera actualmente uno de los mayores factores de riesgo y/o protección para el consumo de sustancias en la adolescencia. El presente trabajo revisa los estudios más importantes que se han publicado en los últimos 30 años al respecto, centrándose en aquellas cuestiones conceptuales y metodológicas que pueden estar dificultando concluir qué impacto ejerce el apego, sobre todo el apego a los padres, en el consumo de sustancias de los jóvenes. Los resultados indican, en general, que el apego seguro o un mayor apego entre padres e hijos actúa como factor de protección frente al consumo de drogas, si bien existe una gran variabilidad en torno al concepto de apego y su evaluación. En segundo lugar, la mayor parte de los estudios revisados incluyen además otros factores que pueden estar condicionando la influencia del apego a los padres en el consumo de drogas de los hijos y que explicarían, al menos en parte, la disparidad de los resultados en los distintos estudios. Entre estos factores destacarían las características individuales (como el sexo, la edad o la autoestima de los individuos), y la influencia de otras fuentes de apego, como los iguales y sus circunstancias, como por ejemplo el consumo de drogas por parte de éstos. Finalmente, se discute la importancia de tener en cuenta dichas consideraciones conceptuales y metodológicas en la investigación del apego como factor de riesgo y/o protección frente al consumo de drogas en la adolescencia.
Attachment is currently considered one of the major risk and/or protective factors for substance use in adolescence. This paper reviews the most important studies published in the last 30 years in this field, focusing on the conceptual and methodological issues that may be making it more difficult to draw conclusions about the impact of attachment – especially attachment to parents – on substance use among youths. In general, the results indicate that secure attachment or stronger attachment between parents and children acts as a protective factor against drug use, even though there is a great variability in relation to the concept of addiction and its assessment. Secondly, most of the research reviewed also covers other factors that may be conditioning the influence of attachment to parents on children’s drug use and which would explain, at least in part, the disparity of the results from different studies. Notable among such factors would be individual characteristics (such as sex, age or self-esteem) and the influence of other sources of attachment, including peers and their circumstances (such as their drug use). Finally, we discuss the importance of taking into account the mentioned conceptual and methodological considerations aspects in research on attachment as a risk and/or protective factor for drug use in adolescence.

Biografía del autor/a

Elisardo Becoña Iglesias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela European Institute of Studies on Prevention (IREFREA)

Departamento de Psicología Clínica y Psicobiología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela

Citas

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Publicado

2014-03-01

Número

Vol. 26 Núm. 1 (2014)

Sección

Revisión