Impacto de la legalización del consumo recreativo del cannabis

Manuel Isorna, Francisco Pascual, Ester Aso, Francisco Arias

Resumen


En los últimos años se han producido importantes cambios legislativos en numerosos países respecto al consumo de cannabis con fines medicinales y/o recreativos, que han facilitado su accesibilidad. Actualmente, Uruguay, Canadá y algunos estados de EE.UU. han legalizado el consumo recreativo, aplicando distintos modelos legislativos. El objetivo de la presente revisión es analizar los efectos que ha tenido la legalización del cannabis recreativo sobre su consumo y sus consecuencias. En general, las evidencias indican que la legalización se ha asociado a un descenso en el precio, mayor concentración de THC (potencia), mayor diversidad de presentaciones para su consumo, una menor percepción de riesgo y un incremento en el consumo en adultos y de forma moderada en adolescentes (aunque sea ilegal el consumo para ellos), así como un aumento de las consecuencias adversas derivadas del consumo en la salud pública. Se ha producido un descenso en los arrestos relacionados con el consumo, pero el mercado ilegal sigue utilizándose de forma habitual. No se ha detectado un incremento de la demanda de tratamiento por este consumo. 

Por el momento, estos cambios legislativos no han conseguido alcanzar sus objetivos principales que eran suprimir el mercado ilegal y proteger a los grupos más vulnerables, mientras que, por el contrario, parecen implicar un incremento de algunos aspectos negativos asociados al consumo de cannabis. Sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta que la mayoría de estos cambios legislativos han entrado en vigor hace relativamente poco tiempo, se requiere un periodo de seguimiento mayor para poder extraer conclusiones definitivas. 


Palabras clave


cannabis; legalización; uso recreativo; consecuencias del consumo; salud pública

Texto completo:

PDF PDF (English)

Referencias


Alcocer, J. J. (2020). Exploring the effect of Colorado’s recreational marijuana policy on opioid overdose rates. Public Health, 185, 8-14. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.007.

Alley, Z. M., Kerr, D. C. y Bae, H. (2020). Trends in college students’ alcohol, nicotine, prescription opioid and other drug use after recreational marijuana legalization: 2008–2018. Addictive Behaviors, 102, 106212. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106212.

Al-Zouabi, I., Stogner, J. M., Miller, B. L. y Lane, E. S. (2018). Butane hash oil and dabbing: Insights into use, amateur production techniques, and potential harm mitigation. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 9, 91. doi:10.2147/SAR.S135252.

Amroussia, N., Watanabe, M. y Pearson, J. (2020). Seeking safety: A focus group study of young adults’ cannabis-related attitudes, and behavior in a state with legalized recreational cannabis.  Harm Reduction Journal, 17, 1-7. doi:10.1186/s12954-020-00442-8.

Anderson, D. y Rees, D. (2014). The legalization of recreational marijuana: How likely is the worst-case scenario? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 33, 221-232. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24033304.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A37f192bddf91ff79f95a82f216981566.

Anderson, D., Hansen, B., Rees, D. y Sabia, J. (2019). Association of marijuana laws with teen marijuana use: New estimates from the youth risk behavior surveys. JAMA Pediatrics173, 879-881. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1720.

Auger, N., Luu, T. M., Ayoub, A., Bilodeau-Bertrand, M., Lo, E. y Low, N. (2020). Cannabis-related hospitalizations among youth in Canada before and after cannabis legalization. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 15, 245-247.doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000747.

Bae, H. y Kerr, D. (2020). Marijuana use trends among college students in states with and without legalization of recreational use: Initial and longer-term changes from 2008 to 2018. Addiction, 115, 1115-1124. doi:10.1111/add.14939.

Bailey, B. A., Wood, D. y Shah, D. (2020). The role of in utero exposure to drugs beyond opioids in the development and severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7673.

Barbosa-Leiker, C., Burduli, E., Smith, C. L., Brooks, O., Orr, M. y Gartstein, M. (2020). Daily cannabis use during pregnancy and postpartum in a state with legalized recreational cannabis. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 14, 467. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000625.

Borodovsky, J. T., Crosier, B. S., Lee, D. C., Sargent, J. D. y Budney, A. J. (2016). Smoking, vaping, eating: Is legalization impacting the way people use cannabis? International Journal of Drug Policy, 36, 141-147. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.022.

Borodovsky, J. T. y Budney, A. J. (2017). Legal cannabis laws, home cultivation, and use of edible cannabis products: A growing relationship? International Journal of Drug Policy, 50, 102-110. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.09.014.

Borodovsky, J. T., Lee, D. C., Crosier, B. S., Gabrielli, J. L., Sargent, J. D. y Budney, A. J. (2017). US cannabis legalization and use of vaping and edible products among youth. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 177, 299-306. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.017.

Borodovsky, J. T., Cavazos-Rehg, P. A., Bierut, L. J. y Grucza, R. A. (2020). Cannabis vaping and health: Regulatory considerations. Addiction, 115, 587-588. doi:10.1111/add.14855.

Brooks-Russell, A., Ma, M., Levinson, A. H., Kattari, L., Kirchner, T., Goodell, E. M. A. y Johnson, R. M. (2019). Adolescent marijuana use, marijuana-related perceptions, and use of other substances before and after initiation of retail marijuana sales in Colorado (2013–2015). Prevention Science, 20, 185-193. doi:10.1007/s11121-018-0933-2.

Budney, A. J. y Borodovsky, J. T. (2017). The potential impact of cannabis legalization on the development of cannabis use disorders. Preventive Medicine, 104, 31-36. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.06.034.

Calvert, C. y Erickson, D. (2020). An examination of relationships between cannabis legalization and fatal motor vehicle and pedestrian-involved crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention, 21, 521-526. doi:10.1080/15389588.2020.1810246.

Cash, M. C., Cunnane, K., Fan, C. y Romero-Sandoval, E. A. (2020). Mapping cannabis potency in medical and recreational programs in the United States. PloS One, 15. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230167.

Castro, M. M., Pinto, F., Pereiras, C., Castells, A. F., Agoglia, C. V., Duarte, V.,… González, G. (2020). Autodeclaración del consumo de marihuana, tabaco, alcohol y derivados de cocaína en embarazadas en 2013 y 2016, Montevideo, Uruguay. Adicciones, 32, 173-180. doi:10.20882/adicciones.1107.

Cavazos-Rehg, P. A., Krauss, M. J., Cahn, E., Lee, K. E., Ferguson, E., Rajbhandari, B.,... Bierut, L. J. (2019). Marijuana promotion online: An investigation of dispensary practices. Prevention Science, 20, 280-290. doi:10.1007/s11121-018-0889-2.

Cerdá, M., Wall, M., Keyes, K. M., Galea, S. y Hasin, D. (2012). Medical marijuana laws in 50 states: Investigating the relationship between state legalization of medical marijuana and marijuana use, abuse and dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 120, 22-27. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.011.

Cerdá, M. y Kilmer, B. (2017). Uruguay’s middle-ground approach to cannabis legalization. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 42, 118. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.02.007.

Cerdá, M., Mauro, C., Hamilton, A., Levy, N., Santaella-Tenorio, J., Hasin, D.,... Martins, S. (2020). Association between recreational marijuana legalization in the United States and changes in marijuana use and cannabis use disorder from 2008 to 2016. JAMA Psychiatry77, 165-171. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3254.

Chandra, S., Radwan, M. M., Majumdar, C. G., Church, J. C., Freeman, T. P. y ElSohly, M. A. (2019). New trends in cannabis potency in USA and Europe during the last decade (2008–2017). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269, 5-15. doi:10.1007/s00406-019-00983-5.

Chihuri, S. y Li, G. (2019). State marijuana laws and opioid overdose mortality. Injury Epidemiology, 6, 1-12. doi:10.1186/s40621-019-0213-z.

Choo, E. K., Benz, M., Zaller, N., Warren, O., Rising, K. L. y McConnell, K. J. (2014). The impact of state medical marijuana legislation on adolescent marijuana use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 160-166. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.02.018.

Chung, C., Salottolo, K., Tanner, A., Carrick, M. M., Madayag, R., Berg, G.,… Bar-Or, D. (2019). The impact of recreational marijuana commercialization on traumatic injury. Injury Epidemiology, 6, 1-8. doi:10.1186/s40621-019-0180-4.

Clarke, P., Dodge, T. y Stock, M. L. (2018). The impact of recreational marijuana legislation in Washington, DC on marijuana use cognitions. Substance Use and Misuse, 53, 2165-2173. doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1461226.

Crume, T. L., Juhl, A., Brooks-Russell, A., Hall, K., Wymore, E. y Borgelt, L. (2018). Cannabis use during the perinatal period in a state with legalized recreational and medical marijuana: The association between maternal characteristics, breastfeeding patterns, and neonatal outcomes. The Journal of Pediatrics, 197, 90-96. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.02.005.

Cunningham, J. A. (2020). Beliefs about cannabis at the time of legalization in Canada: Results from a general population survey. Harm Reduction Journal, 17, 1-4. doi:10.1186/s12954-019-0353-z.

D’Amico, E. J., Miles, J. N. y Tucker, J. S. (2015). Gateway to curiosity: Medical marijuana ads and intention and use during middle school. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29, 613–619. doi:10.1037/adb0000094.

Davis, C., Hill, M. E. y Phillips, R. (2019). Taxing cannabis. Washington State: Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy Washington, DC. https://itep.org/taxing-cannabis/.

Degenhardt, L., Whiteford, H. A., Ferrari, A. J., Baxter, A. J., Charlson, F. J., Hall, W. D.,… Engell, R. E. (2013). Global burden of disease attributable to illicit drug use and dependence: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. The Lancet, 382, 1564-1574. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61530-5.

Dellazizzo, L., Potvin, S., Athanassiou, M. y Dumais, A. (2020). Violence and cannabis use: A focused review of a forgotten aspect in the era of liberalizing cannabis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 971. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.567887.

Department of Revenue Colorado. (2019). 2019 annual report. Marihuana enforcement division (Colorado Department of Revenue ed.). Colorado. https://spl.cde.state.co.us/artemis/revserials/rev11internet/rev112019internet.pdf.

Di Forti, M. (2020). To legalize or not to legalize cannabis, that is the question! World Psychiatry, 19, 188. doi:10.1002/wps.20737.

Dilley, J. A., Richardson, S. M., Kilmer, B., Pacula, R. L., Segawa, M. B. y Cerdá, M. (2019). Prevalence of cannabis use in youths after legalization in Washington State. JAMA Pediatrics, 173, 192-193. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.4458.

Doran, N., Strong, D., Myers, M. G., Correa, J. B. y Tully, L. (2021). Post-legalization changes in marijuana use in a sample of young California adults. Addictive Behaviors, 115, 106782. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106782.

Dragone, D., Prarolo, G., Vanin, P. y Zanella, G. (2019). Crime and the legalization of recreational marijuana. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 159, 488-501. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2018.02.005.

Drug Enforcement Administration. (2020). Domestic cannabis suppression / eradication program. United States Drug Enforcement Administration. https://www.dea.gov/domestic-cannabis-suppression-eradication-program.

Eichelberger, A. H. (2019). Marijuana use and driving in Washington State: Risk perceptions and behaviors before and after implementation of retail sales. Traffic injury prevention, 20, 23-29. doi:10.1080/15389588.2018.1530769.

ElSohly, M. A., Chandra, S., Radwan, M., Gon, C. y Church, J. C. (2021). A comprehensive review of cannabis potency in the USA in the last decade. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 6, 603-606. doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.12.016.

Estoup, A., Moise-Campbell, C., Varma, M. y Stewart, D. G. (2016). The impact of marijuana legalization on adolescent use, consequences, and perceived risk. Substance Use & Misuse51, 1881-1887. doi:10.1080/10826084.2016.1200623.

Everson, E. M., Dilley, J. A., Maher, J. E. y Mack, C. E. (2019). Post-legalization opening of retail cannabis stores and adult cannabis use in Washington State, 2009–2016. American Journal of Public Health, 109, 1294-1301. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305191.

Felson, J., Adamczyk, A. y Thomas, C. (2019). How and why have attitudes about cannabis legalization changed so much? Social Science Research, 78, 12-27. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.12.011.

Firth, C. L., Maher, J. E., Dilley, J. A., Darnell, A. y Lovrich, N. P. (2019). Did marijuana legalization in Washington State reduce racial disparities in adult marijuana arrests? Substance Use and Misuse, 54, 1582-1587. doi:10.1080/10826084.2019.1593007.

Fleming, C. B., Guttmannova, K., Cambron, C., Rhew, I. C. y Oesterle, S. (2016). Examination of the divergence in trends for adolescent marijuana use and marijuana-specific risk factors in Washington State. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59, 269-275. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.05.008.

Freisthler, B., Gaidus, A., Tam, C., Ponicki, W. R. y Gruenewald, P. J. (2017). From medical to recreational marijuana sales: Marijuana outlets and crime in an era of changing marijuana legislation. The Journal of Primary Prevention38, 249-263. doi:10.1007/s10935-017-0472-9.

Ghinai, I., Pray, I. W., Navon, L., O’Laughlin, K., Saathoff-Huber, L., Hoots, B.,… Layer, M. (2019). E-cigarette product use, or vaping, among persons with associated lung injury—Illinois and Wisconsin, April–September 2019. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68, 865. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6839e2.

Ghosh, T. S., Vigil, D. I., Maffey, A., Tolliver, R., Van Dyke, M., Kattari, L.,… Wolk, L. (2017). Lessons learned after three years of legalized, recreational marijuana: The Colorado experience. Preventive Medicine, 104, 4-6. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.02.021.

Gnofam, M., Allshouse, A. A., Stickrath, E. H. y Metz, T. D. (2020). Impact of marijuana legalization on prevalence of maternal marijuana use and perinatal outcomes. American Journal of Perinatology, 37, 059-065. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1696719.

Goodman, S., Wadsworth, E., Leos-Toro, C. y Hammond, D. (2020). Prevalence and forms of cannabis use in legal vs. illegal recreational cannabis markets. International Journal of Drug Policy, 76, 102658. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.102658.

Goodwin, R. D., Kim, J., Cheslack-Postava, K., Weinberger, A., Wu, M., Wyka, K. y Kattan, M. (2021). Trends in cannabis use among adults with children in the home in the United States, 2004–2017: Impact of state-level legalization for recreational and medical use. Addiction, 116, 2770-2778. doi:10.1111/add.15472.

Gourdet, C., Giombi, K. C., Kosa, K., Wiley, J. y Cates, S. (2017). How four US states are regulating recreational marijuana edibles. International Journal of Drug Policy, 43, 83-90. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.01.018.

Government of Canada. (2018). Canadian cannabis survey 2018 summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/publications/drugs-health-products/canadian-cannabis-survey-2018-summary.html.

Government of Canada. (2020). Cannabis act (S.C. 2018, c. 16) an act respecting cannabis and to amend the controlled drugs and substances act, the criminal code and other acts 17 October 2018. Ottawa: Department of Justice. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/C-24.5.pdf.

Government of Canada. (2021). Canadian cannabis survey 2020: Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a2.

Graves, J., Whitehill, J. M., Miller, M., Brooks-Russell, A., Richardson, S. M. y Dilley, J. (2019). Employment and marijuana use among Washington State adolescents before and after legalization of retail marijuana. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65, 39-45. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.12.027.

Grewal, J. K. y Loh, L. C. (2020). Health considerations of the legalization of cannabis edibles. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 192, 1-2. doi:10.1503/cmaj.191217.

Grigsby, T. M., Hoffmann, L. M. y Moss, M. J. (2020). Marijuana use and potential implications of marijuana legalization. Pediatrics in Review, 41, 61-72. doi:10.1542/pir.2018-0347.

Guttmannova, K., Lee, C. M., Kilmer, J. R., Fleming, C. B., Rhew, I. C., Kosterman, R. y Larimer, M. E. (2016). Impacts of changing marijuana policies on alcohol use in the United States. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 40, 33-46. doi:10.1111/acer.12942.

Hall, K., Monte, A., Chang, T., Fox, J., Brevik, C., Vigil, D. I. y Van Dyke, M. (2018). Mental health–related emergency department visits associated with cannabis in Colorado. Academic Emergency Medicine, 25, 526-537. doi:10.1111/acem.13393.

Hall, W., Stjepanovi ‘c, D., Caulkins, J., Lynskey, M., Leung, J., Campbell, G. y Degenhardt, L. (2019). Public health implications of legalising the production and sale of cannabis for medicinal and recreational use. The Lancet, 394, 1580-1590. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31789-1.

Hall, W. y Lynskey, M. (2020). Assessing the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use: The US experience. World Psychiatry, 19, 179-186. doi:10.1002/wps.20735.

Hammond, C., Chaney, A., Hendrickson, B. y Sharma, P. (2020). Cannabis use among US adolescents in the era of marijuana legalization: A review of changing use patterns, comorbidity, and health correlates. International Review of Psychiatry, 32, 221-234. doi:10.1080/09540261.2020.1713056.

Hammond, D., Wadsworth, E., Reid, J. y Burkhalter, R. (2021). Prevalence and modes of cannabis use among youth in Canada, England, and the US, 2017 to 2019. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 219, 108505. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108505.

Harper, S., Strumpf, E. C. y Kaufman, J. S. (2012). Do medical marijuana laws increase marijuana use? Replication study and extension. Annals of Epidemiology, 22, 207-212. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.12.002.

Harpin, S. B., Brooks-Russell, A., Ma, M., James, K. A. y Levinson, A. (2018). Adolescent marijuana use and perceived ease of access before and after recreational marijuana implementation in Colorado. Substance Use & Misuse, 53, 451-456. doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1334069.

Hasin, D. S., Sarvet, A. L., Cerdá, M., Keyes, K. M., Stohl, M., Galea, S. y Wall, M. M. (2017). US adult illicit cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, and medical marijuana laws: 1991-1992 to 2012-2013. JAMA Psychiatry, 74, 579-588. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0724.

Hawley, P., Gobbo, M. y Afghari, N. (2020). The impact of legalization of access to recreational cannabis on Canadian medical users with cancer. BMC Health Services Research, 20, 1-12. doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05756-8.

Heinrich, M. (2018). The national cannabis economy. Joint Economic Committee Democrats Report. https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/democrats/2018/12/jec-dems-report-the-national-cannabis-economy.

Huestis, M. A. (2007). Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chemistry y Biodiversity, 4, 1770. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200790152.

Hunt, P. y Pacula, R. L. (2017). Early impacts of marijuana legalization: An evaluation of prices in Colorado and Washington.The Journal of Primary Prevention, 38, 221-248. doi:10.1007/s10935-017-0471-x.

Instituto de regulación y control del cannabis. (2021). Nuevo precio del cannabis dispensado en farmacias a partir del 1 de febrero de 2021. https://www.ircca.gub.uy/nuevo-precio-del-cannabis-dispensado-en-farmacias-a-partir-del-1-de-febrero-de-2021-2/.

Isorna, M. (2017). Legalización del cannabis: Dos perspectivas. En Universidad de Vigo (Ed.), Cannabis: Efectos, riesgos y beneficios terapéuticos (pp. 177-216). Vigo: Universidad de Vigo: Servicio de publicaciones.

Jensen, E. y Roussell, A. (2016). Field observations of the developing legal recreational cannabis economy in Washington State. International Journal of Drug Policy33, 96-101. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.023.

Jones, J., Jones, K. y Peil, J. (2018). The impact of the legalization of recreational marijuana on college students. Addictive Behaviors, 77, 255-259. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.015.

Keric, N., Hofmann, L. J., Babbitt-Jonas, R., Michalek, J., Dolich, M., Khoury, L.,... Cohn, S. M. (2018). The impact of marijuana legalization on vehicular trauma. Cureus, 10. doi:10.7759/cureus.3671.

Kerr, D. C., Bae, H., Phibbs, S. y Kern, A. C. (2017). Changes in undergraduates’ marijuana, heavy alcohol, and cigarette use following legalization of recreational marijuana use in Oregon. Addiction, 112, 1992-2001. doi:10.1111/add.13906.

Kerr, D. C., Bae, H. y Koval, A. L. (2018). Oregon recreational marijuana legalization: Changes in undergraduates’ marijuana use rates from 2008 to 2016. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 32, 670. doi:10.1037/adb0000385.

Kharbanda, E. O., Vazquez-Benitez, G., Kunin-Batson, A., Nordin, J. D., Olsen, A. y Romitti, P. A. (2020). Birth and early developmental screening outcomes associated with cannabis exposure during pregnancy. Journal of Perinatology, 40, 473-480. doi:10.1038/s41372-019-0576-6.

Kilmer, B. (2017). Recreational cannabis minimizing the health risks from legalization. New England Journal of Medicine, 376, 705-707. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1614783.

Kilmer, B. y Neel, E. (2020). Being thoughtful about cannabis legalization and social equity. World Psychiatry, 19, 194. doi:10.1002/wps.20741.

Krauss, M. J., Sowles, S. J., Sehi, A., Spitznagel, E. L., Berg, C. J., Bierut, L. J. y Cavazos-Rehg, P. A. (2017). Marijuana advertising exposure among current marijuana users in the U.S. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 174, 192–200. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.017.

Kim, S., Chen, J., Cheng, T., Gindulyte, A., He, J., He, S.,… Yu, B. (2021). PubChem in 2021: New data content and improved web interfaces. Nucleic Acids Research, 49, 1388-1395. doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa971.

Kosterman, R., Bailey, J., Guttmannova, K., Jones, T., Eisenberg, N., Hill, K. y Hawkins, J. (2016). Marijuana legalization and parents’ attitudes, use, and parenting in Washington State. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59, 450-456. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.07.004.

Kropp, A. K., Nichols, S. D., Chung, D. Y., Kaufman, D. E., McCall, K. L. y Piper, B. J. (2020). Prescription opioid distribution after the legalization of recreational marijuana in Colorado. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 3251. doi:10.3390/ijerph17093251.

Lane, T. J. y Hall, W. (2019). Traffic fatalities within US states that have legalized recreational cannabis sales and their neighbours. Addiction, 114, 847-856. doi:10.1111/add.14536.

Laqueur, H., Rivera-Aguirre, A., Shev, A., Castillo-Carniglia, A., Rudolph, K. E., Ramirez, J.,... Cerdá, M. (2020). The impact of cannabis legalization in Uruguay on adolescent cannabis use. International Journal of Drug Policy, 80, 102748. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102748.

Lee, E., Pluym, I. D., Wong, D., Kwan, L., Varma, V. y Rao, R. (2020). The impact of state legalization on rates of marijuana uses in pregnancy in a universal drug screening population. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 1-8. doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1765157.

Leos-Toro, C., Fong, G. T., Meyer, S. B. y Hammond, D. (2020). Cannabis health knowledge and risk perceptions among Canadian youth and young adults. Harm Reduction Journal, 17, 1-13. doi:10.1186/s12954-020-00397-w.

Mahamad, S. y Hammond, D. (2019). Retail price and availability of illicit cannabis in canada. Addictive Behaviors, 90, 402-408. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.12.001.

Mahamad, S., Wadsworth, E., Rynard, V., Goodman, S. y Hammond, D. (2020). Availability, retail price and potency of legal and illegal cannabis in Canada after recreational cannabis legalisation. Drug and Alcohol Review, 39, 337-346. doi:10.1111/dar.13069.

Maier, S. L., Mannes, S. y Koppenhofer, E. L. (2017). The implications of marijuana decriminalization and legalization on crime in the United States. Contemporary Drug Problems, 44, 125-146. doi:10.1177/0091450917708790.

Mair, C., Sumetsky, N., Kranich, C. y Freisthler, B. (2021). Availability of medical cannabis dispensaries and cannabis abuse/dependence-related hospitalizations in California. Addiction, 116, 1908-1913. doi:10.1111/add.15420.

Mark, K. y Terplan, M. (2017). Cannabis and pregnancy: Maternal child health implications during a period of drug policy liberalization. Preventive Medicine, 104, 46-49. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.05.012.

Mason, W., Fleming, C., Ringle, J., Hanson, K., Gross, T. y Haggerty, K. (2016). Prevalence of marijuana and other substance use before and after Washington State’s change from legal medical marijuana to legal medical and nonmedical marijuana: Cohort comparisons in a sample of adolescents. Substance Abuse, 37, 330-335. doi:10.1080/08897077.2015.1071723.

Matheson, J. y Le Foll, B. (2020). Cannabis legalization and acute harm from high potency cannabis products: A narrative review and recommendations for public health. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1017. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.591979.

Mauro, P. M., Santaella-Tenorio, J., Perlmutter, A. S., Hasin, D. S., Mauro, C. M. y Martins, S. S. (2019). Correct knowledge of medical cannabis legal status in one’s own state: Differences between adolescents and adults in the United States, 2004–2013. Addictive Behaviors, 88, 23-28. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.07.021.

McBain, R. K., Wong, E. C., Breslau, J., Shearer, A. L., Cefalu, M. S., Roth, E.,… Collins, R. L. (2020). State medical marijuana laws, cannabis use and cannabis use disorder among adults with elevated psychological distress. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 215, 108191. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108191.

Melchior, M., Nakamura, A., Bolze, C., Hausfater, F., El Khoury, F., Mary-Krause, M. y Da Silva, M. A. (2019). Does liberalisation of cannabis policy influence levels of use in adolescents and young adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 9. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025880.

Mennis, J. y Stahler, G. J. (2020). Adolescent treatment admissions for marijuana following recreational legalization in Colorado and Washington. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 210. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107960.

Midgette, G. y Reuter, P. (2020). Has cannabis use among youth increased after changes in its legal status? A commentary on use of monitoring the future for analyses of changes in state cannabis laws. Prevention Science, 21, 137-145. doi:10.1007/s11121-019-01068-4.

Miller, A. M., Rosenman, R. y Cowan, B. W. (2017). Recreational marijuana legalization and college student use: Early evidence. SSM-Population Health, 3, 649-657. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.08.001.

Murray, R. M. y Hall, W. (2020). Will legalization and commercialization of cannabis use increase the incidence and prevalence of psychosis? JAMA Psychiatry, 77, 777-778. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0339.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research. Washington: National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/24625.

Nazif-Muñoz, J. I., Oulhote, Y. y Ouimet, M. C. (2020). The association between legalization of cannabis use and traffic deaths in Uruguay. Addiction, 115, 1697-1706. doi:10.1111/add.14994.

Ng, J. H., Rice, K. K., Ananth, C. V. y Brandt, J. S. (2020). Attitudes about marijuana use, potential risks, and legalization: A single-center survey of pregnant women. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal y Neonatal Medicine, 1-9. doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1858279.

Nicksic, N., Do, E. y Barnes, A. (2020). Cannabis legalization, tobacco prevention policies, and cannabis use in e-cigarettes among youth. Drug and Alcohol Dependence206. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107730.

Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones. (2020). Informe 2020. Alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales en España. Madrid. https://pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/informesEstadisticas/pdf/2020OEDA-INFORME.pdf.

Observatorio Uruguayo de Drogas. (2019). VII encuesta nacional sobre consumo de drogas en población general. informe de investigación año 2019. Uruguay: Junta Nacional de Drogas (JND) - Uruguay. https://www.gub.uy/junta-nacional-drogas/sites/junta-nacional-drogas/files/documentos/publicaciones/VII_encuesta_nacional_drogas_poblacion_general_2019.pdf.

Okaneku, J., Vearrier, D., McKeever, R. G., LaSala, G. S. y Greenberg, M. I. (2015). Change in perceived risk associated with marijuana use in the United States from 2002 to 2012. Clinical Toxicology, 53, 151-155. doi:10.3109/15563650.2015.1004581.

Orens, A., Light, M., Lewandowski, B., Rowberry, J. y Saloga, C. (2018). Market size and demand for marijuana in Colorado 2017 market update. Colorado Department of Revenue. Marijuana Enforcement Division, 1-46. https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/MED%20Demand%20and%20Market%20%20Study%20%20082018.pdf.

Palamar, J. J., Ompad, D. C. y Petkova, E. (2014). Correlates of intentions to use cannabis among US high school seniors in the case of cannabis legalization. International Journal of Drug Policy, 25, 424-435. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.01.017.

Parnes, J. E., Smith, J. y Conner, B. (2018). Reefer madness or much ado about nothing? Cannabis legalization outcomes among young adults in the United States. International Journal of Drug Policy, 56, 116-120. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.03.011.

Pergam, S. A., Woodfield, M. C., Lee, C. M., Cheng, G., Baker, K. K., Marquis, S. R. y Fann, J. R. (2017). Cannabis use among patients at a comprehensive cancer center in a state with legalized medicinal and recreational use. Cancer, 123, 4488-4497. doi:10.1002/cncr.30879.

Plunk, A. D., Peglow, S. L., Harrell, P. T. y Grucza, R. A. (2019). Youth and adult arrests for cannabis possession after decriminalization and legalization of cannabis. JAMA Pediatrics, 173, 763-769. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1539.

Polen, M. R., Whitlock, E. P., Wisdom, J. P., Nygren, P. y Bougatsos, C. (2010). Screening in primary care settings for illicit drug use: Staged systematic review for the United States Preventive Services Task Force. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK33960/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK33960.pdf.

Postonogova, T., Xu, C. y Moore, A. (2020). Marijuana during labour: A survey of maternal opinions. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 42, 774-778. doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2019.10.030.

Public Safety Canada. (2017). The price of cannabis in Canada. Ottawa. Ontario. https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2017-r005/index-en.aspx.

Rehm, J. y Manthey, J. (2020). Cannabis and public health: A global experiment without control.World Psychiatry, 19, 192. doi:10.1002/wps.20740.

República de la Presidencia Oriental de Uruguay. (2014). Decreto reglamentario CM/847, (2014). https://medios.presidencia.gub.uy/jm_portal/2014/noticias/NO_M908/decreto.pdf.

Rylander, M., Valdez, C. y Nussbaum, A. M. (2014). Does the legalization of medical marijuana increase completed suicide? The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 40, 269-273. doi:10.3109/00952990.2014.910520.

Roberts, B. A. (2019). Legalized cannabis in Colorado emergency departments: A cautionary review of negative health and safety effects. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 20, 557. doi:10.5811/westjem.2019.4.39935.

Rotermann, M. (2019). Analysis of trends in the prevalence of cannabis use and related metrics in Canada. Health reports, 30, 3-13. doi:10.25318/82-003-x201900600001-eng.

Rotermann, M. (2020). What has changed since cannabis was legalized. Health Rep, 31, 11-20. http://fileserver.idpc.net/library/00002-eng.pdf.

Rusby, J. C., Westling, E., Crowley, R. y Light, J. M. (2018). Legalization of recreational marijuana and community sales policy in Oregon: Impact on adolescent willingness and intent to use, parent use, and adolescent use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 32, 84. doi:10.1037/adb0000327.

Russell, C., Rueda, S., Room, R., Tyndall, M. y Fischer, B. (2018). Routes of administration for cannabis use-basic prevalence and related health outcomes: A scoping review and synthesis. International Journal of Drug Policy, 52, 87-96. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.008.

Sahlem, G. L., Tomko, R. L., Sherman, B. J., Gray, K. M. y McRae-Clark, A. L. (2018). Impact of cannabis legalization on treatment and research priorities for cannabis use disorder. International Review of Psychiatry, 30, 216-225. doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1465398.

Salomonsen-Sautel, S., Min, S. J., Sakai, J. T., Thurstone, C. y Hopfer, C. (2014). Trends in fatal motor vehicle crashes before and after marijuana commercialization in Colorado. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 140, 137-144. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.04.008.

Sandhu, H. S., Anderson, L. N. y Busse, J. W. (2019). Characteristics of Canadians likely to try or increase cannabis use following legalization for nonmedical purposes: A cross-sectional study. Canadian Medical Association Journal Open, 7, 399. doi:10.9778/cmajo.20190008.

Sarvet, A., Wall, M., Fink, D., Greene, E., Le, A., Boustead, A.,... Hasin, D. (2018). Medical marijuana laws and adolescent marijuana use in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction, 113, 1003-1016. doi:10.1111/add.14136.

Sewell, R. A., Poling, J. y Sofuoglu, M. (2009). The effect of cannabis compared with alcohol on driving. American Journal on Addictions, 18, 185-193. doi:10.1080/10550490902786934.

Shi, Y., Cao, Y., Shang, C. y Pacula, R. L. (2019). The impacts of potency, warning messages, and price on preferences for cannabis flower products. International Journal of Drug Policy, 74, 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.037.

Shi, Y. y Liang, D. (2020). The association between recreational cannabis commercialization and cannabis exposures reported to the US national poison data system. Addiction, 115, 1890-1899. doi:10.1111/add.15019.

Sikorski, C., Leos-Toro, C. y Hammond, D. (2021). Cannabis consumption, purchasing and sources among young Canadians: The cannabis purchase and consumption tool (CPCT). Substance Use y Misuse, 1-9. doi:10.1080/10826084.2021.1879142.

Skelton, K. R., Hecht, A. A. y Benjamin-Neelon, S. E. (2020). Recreational cannabis legalization in the US and maternal use during the preconception, prenatal, and postpartum periods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 909. doi:10.3390/ijerph17030909.

Smart, R., Caulkins, J. P., Kilmer, B., Davenport, S. y Midgette, G. (2017). Variation in cannabis potency and prices in a newly legal market: Evidence from 30 million cannabis sales in Washington State. Addiction, 112, 2167-2177. doi:10.1111/add.13886.

Smart, R. y Pacula, R. L. (2019). Early evidence of the impact of cannabis legalization on cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, and the use of other substances: Findings from state policy evaluations. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 45, 644-663. doi:10.1080/00952990.2019.1669626.

Sokoya, M., Eagles, J., Okland, T., Coughlin, D., Dauber, H., Greenlee, C. y Winkler, A. (2018). Patterns of facial trauma before and after legalization of marijuana in Denver, Colorado: A joint study between two Denver hospitals. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine36, 780-783. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.10.014.

Spindle, T. R., Bonn-Miller, M. O. y Vandrey, R. (2019). Changing landscape of cannabis: Novel products, formulations, and methods of administration. Current Opinion in Psychology, 30, 98-102. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.04.002.

Standeven, L. R., Scialli, A., Chisolm, M. S. y Terplan, M. (2020). Trends in cannabis treatment admissions in adolescents/young adults: Analysis of TEDS-A 1992 to 2016. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 14, 29-36. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000586.

Statistics Canada. (2018). Cannabis prices in Canada

(cannabis for medical and non-medical purposes, per gram). Goverment of Canada. https://surveys-enquetes.statcan.gc.ca/cannabis/.

Steigerwald, S., Cohen, B. E., Vali, M., Hasin, D., Cerda, M. y Keyhani, S. (2020). Differences in opinions about marijuana use and prevalence of use by state legalization status. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 14, 337. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000593.

Steinemann, S., Galanis, D., Nguyen, T. y Biffl, W. (2018). Motor vehicle crash fatalities and undercompensated care associated with legalization of marijuana. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 85, 566-571. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000001983.

Subbaraman, M. S. y Kerr, W. C. (2020). Subgroup trends in alcohol and cannabis co-use and related harms during the rollout of recreational cannabis legalization in Washington State. International Journal of Drug Policy, 75. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.003.

Takakuwa, K. M. y Schears, R. M. (2019). Why pregnant women may justifiably choose to use cannabis. JAMA Internal Medicine, 179, 120-120. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.6890.

The NORML Foundation. (2021). A voice for responsible marijuana consumers. https://norml.org/about-norml/.

United States Census Bureau. (2021). State population totals and components of change: 2010-2019. Measuring America’s People, Places, and Economy. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-state-total.html.

Veligati, S., Howdeshell, S., Beeler-Stinn, S., Lingam, D., Allen, P. C., Chen, L. y Grucza, R. A. (2020). Changes in alcohol and cigarette consumption in response to medical and recreational cannabis legalization: Evidence from US state tax receipt data. International Journal of Drug Policy, 75. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.10.011.

Wang, J. B., Ramo, D. E., Lisha, N. E. y Cataldo, J. K. (2016a). Medical marijuana legalization and cigarette and marijuana co-use in adolescents and adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 166, 32-38. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.06.016.

Wang, G. S., Le Lait, M., Deakyne, S. J., Bronstein, A. C., Bajaj, L. y Roosevelt, G. (2016b). Unintentional pediatric exposures to marijuana in Colorado, 2009-2015. JAMA Pediatrics, 170. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0971.

Wang, G. S., Hall, K., Vigil, D., Banerji, S., Monte, A. y VanDyke, M. (2017). Marijuana and acute health care contacts in Colorado. Preventive Medicine, 104, 24-30. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.03.022.

Wang, G., Davies, S., Halmo, L., Sass, A. y Mistry, R. (2018). Impact of marijuana legalization in Colorado on adolescent emergency and urgent care visits. Journal of Adolescent Health, 63, 239-241. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.12.010.

Weinberger, A. H., Zhu, J., Levin, J., Barrington-Trimis, J., Copeland, J., Wyka, K.,... Goodwin, R. D. (2020). Cannabis use among US adults with anxiety from 2008 to 2017: The role of state-level cannabis legalization. Drug and Alcohol Dependence214. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108163.

Wendelboe, A. M., Mathew, R., Chongsuwat, T., Rainwater, E., Wendelboe, M. A., Wickersham, E. y Chou, A. F. (2019). Is there less opioid abuse in states where marijuana has been decriminalized, either for medicinal or recreational use? A clin-IQ. Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews, 6, 267.  doi:10.17294/2330-0698.1704.

Whitehill, J. M., Harrington, C., Lang, C. J., Chary, M., Bhutta, W. A. y Burns, M. M. (2019). Incidence of pediatric cannabis exposure among children and teenagers aged 0 to 19 years before and after medical marijuana legalization in Massachusetts. JAMA Network Open, 2. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.9456.

Wilson, J., Freeman, T. P. y Mackie, C. J. (2019). Effects of increasing cannabis potency on adolescent health. The Lancet Child y Adolescent Health, 3, 121-128. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30342-0.

Wolf, L. A., Perhats, C., Clark, P. R., Frankenberger, W. D. y Moon, M. D. (2020). The perceived impact of legalized cannabis on nursing workload in adult and pediatric emergency department visits: A qualitative exploratory study. Public Health Nursing, 37, 5-15. doi:10.1111/phn.12653.

Yeung, M. E., Weaver, C. G., Janz, K., Haines-Saah, R. y Lang, E. (2020). Clearing the air: A study of cannabis-related presentations to urban Alberta emergency departments following legalization. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 22, 776-783. doi:10.1017/cem.2020.384.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1694

Enlaces refback

  • No hay ningún enlace refback.