Revisión sistemática sobre características y eficacia de los programas preventivos escolares en drogodependencias en España Systematic review on the characteristics and efficacy of school preventive programs for drug addiction in Spain

Autores/as

  • Víctor José Villanueva-Blasco Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de Valencia, Valencia Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd)
  • Jorge Medina-Martínez Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de Valencia, Valencia
  • Javier Zaragoza Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd) Facultad CC Humanas y de la Educación, Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1966

Palabras clave:

Programas preventivos, ámbito escolar, intervención, evaluación de eficacia, revisión sistemática. Preventive programs, school setting, intervention, efficacy evaluation, systematic review.

Resumen

El ámbito escolar adquiere una gran relevancia en la prevención del consumo de drogas en estudiantes, ya que es donde pasan una mayor parte del tiempo y, puesto que en España la enseñanza es obligatoria hasta los 16 años, las intervenciones en este ámbito pueden alcanzar a la mayoría de niños en esa etapa. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue determinar qué nivel de eficacia presentan los programas preventivos escolares que se han implementado en España. Siguiendo las recomendaciones PRISMA, se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica sistemática en las bases de datos Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus y Cochrane Library. La búsqueda arrojó 274 estudios, de los cuales fueron seleccionados 29 estudios. Se ha identificado que en España se han implementado 48 programas preventivos en drogodependencias en el contexto escolar, de los cuales tan solo 18 (37,5%) cuentan con evaluación de su eficacia siguiendo los criterios y estándares de una prevención eficaz. Por el contrario, los programas que no han sido evaluados distan en su diseño de estos estándares. Se concluye que en España conviven dos modelos de prevención escolar de las drogodependencias: un modelo que responde a esta denominación; y otro modelo calificado como “pseudo-prevención”, dado que su diseño no se ajusta a los estándares de la prevención eficaz ni su eficacia preventiva ha sido demostrada.
The school environment is of great relevance in the prevention of drug use in students because it is where they spend most of their time and, since education is compulsory until upper secondary school in Spain, interventions in this area can reach the majority of children up to that stage. The objective of this systematic review is to determine the level of efficacy of the school preventive programs that have been implemented in Spain. Following the PRISMA recommendations, a systematic literature search was carried out in the Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. The search yielded 274 studies, of which 29 studies were selected. It was found that 48 drug addiction prevention programs have been implemented in Spanish school context, of which only 18 (37.5%) had an evaluation of their effectiveness following the criteria and standards of effective prevention. Conversely, the programs that were not evaluated are far from these standards in their design. It is concluded that there are two models of school prevention of drug addiction in Spain: a model that meets this description; and another model classified as “pseudo-prevention”, since its design does not meet the standards of effective prevention nor has its preventive efficacy been demonstrated.

Biografía del autor/a

Víctor José Villanueva-Blasco, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de Valencia, Valencia Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd)

Doctor en Psicología. Profesor Titular en la Universidad Internacional de Valencia. Director del Máster Universitario en Prevención en Drogodependencias y otras Conductas Adictivas. Miembro de la Comisión de Dirección de la Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd) (2021-actualidad). Miembro del Grupo Gestor de ISSUP España (International Society of Substance Use Professionals) (2021-actualidad). Coordinador del Programa de Captación Activa e Intervención en Medio Abierto con Personas Drogodependientes en Situación de Exclusión Social (2005-2010). IP del Grupo de Investigación en Salud y Ajuste Psico-Social (GI-SAPS). 

Javier Zaragoza, Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd) Facultad CC Humanas y de la Educación, Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca

Decano de la Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y de la Educación, Universidad de Zaragoza. Catedrático de Universidad. Grupo Investigación EFyPaF.

Citas

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2025-03-25

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Vol. 37 Núm. 1 (2025)

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