Variaciones en el uso de substancias entre clubbers de acuerdo con factores individuales y de nivel de escena

Autores/as

  • Tammy L. Anderson Universidad de Delaware. Enviar correspondencia a: Tammy L. Anderson Ph.D. Associate Professor. Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice rm 337. Smith Hall University of Delaware Newark, DE 19716, USA. www.udel.edu/soc/tammya (w) 302-831-2291, (f) 302-831-2607
  • Philip R. Kavanaugh Universidad de Delaware.
  • Laura Rapp Universidad de Delaware.
  • Kevin Daly Universidad de Delaware.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.221

Palabras clave:

Cultura juvenil, drogas, hip hop, música electrónica

Resumen

La investigación sobre clubes nocturnos abarca numerosos campos y adopta diversos enfoques sobre las poblaciones examinadas. Sin embargo, sólo ha emergido una narrativa un tanto homogénea sobre clubbers y uso de sustancias, aquella que se centra en el abuso, los comportamientos de riesgo y sus considerables consecuencias. El objetivo de este estudio es desarmar esta narrativa explorando cómo los patrones de uso de sustancias de las poblaciones de clubbers difieren en función de factores individuales y de nivel de escena. De esta forma, esperamos incrementar la comprensión sobre la forma en que los factores culturales y sociales tienen un impacto en las relaciones entre clubbers y consumo de sustancias. Para ello recurrimos a la observación directa de eventos en 29 clubes y, para completar nuestros objetivos de investigación, realizamos entrevistas a 51 participantes de la escena hip hop (HH) y de música electrónica de baile (MEB) de Philadelphia. El análisis reveló dos criterios amplios para proporcionar una tipología basada en el consumo de drogas de los clubbers: motivaciones para el clubbing y nivel y tipo de participación en dicha escena. Partiendo de estas dos dimensiones, pudimos distinguir tres tipos de clubbers: miembros de la subcultura de la droga, clubbers comerciales y entendidos en música. Los miembros de la subcultura de la droga describieron comienzos tempranos en el uso de la droga, así como frecuencias actuales de uso mayores tanto en eventos de clubes de MEB, en gran parte clandestinos, como fuera de ellos. Los clubbers comerciales relataron historias benignas sobre uso de drogas, e indicaron haber asistido a eventos en su mayor parte comercializados de HH para emborracharse y tratar de conquistar al sexo opuesto. Los entendidos en música refirieron, en la actualidad, consumos mínimos de drogas y alcohol exclusivamente en eventos clandestinos de MEB y HH, después de, en algunos casos, historiales de uso extensivo de drogas y alcohol. Las diferencias entre estos tres grupos, con distintos modelos de consumo de sustancias, argüimos, pueden atribuirse a la interacción entre los numerosos factores sociales y culturales no considerados anteriormente.

Biografía del autor/a

Tammy L. Anderson, Universidad de Delaware. Enviar correspondencia a: Tammy L. Anderson Ph.D. Associate Professor. Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice rm 337. Smith Hall University of Delaware Newark, DE 19716, USA. www.udel.edu/soc/tammya (w) 302-831-2291, (f) 302-831-2607

Citas

Moore K, Miles S. Young people, dance and the sub-cultural consumption of drugs. Addict Res Theory. 2004; 12:507-523.

Cole J, Sumnall HR, Grob CS. Sorted: Ecstasy facts and fiction. Psychologist. 2002; 15:464–467.

Mosler D. Club drugs. Law Enforcement Quarterly. 2001 30:5-10.

Chatterton P, Hollands R. Theorising urban playscapes: Producing, regulating and consuming youthful nightlife city spaces. Urban Studies. 2002; 39:95-116.

Anderson TL, Kavanaugh PR. A ‘Rave’ Review: Conceptual Interests and Analytical Shifts in Research on Rave Culture. Soc Compass. 2007 1:499-519.

Anderson TL. Drug identity change processes, race, and gender: Part 1. Explanations of drug misuse and a new identity-based model. Subst Use Misuse. 1998; 33:2263-2279.

Becker H. Outsiders. New York: The Free Press; 1963.

Anderson TL. Drug abuse and identity: Linking micro and macro factors. Soc Quart. 1994; 35:159-174.

Lindesmith AR. Addiction and opiates. Chicago: Aldine; 1968.

Stephens RC. The street addict role: A theory of heroin addiction.

Albany, NY: State University of New York at Albany Press; 1991.

Adler PA, Adler P. Shifts and oscillations in deviant careers: The case

of upper level drug dealers. Social Problems. 1983; 31:195-207.

Biernacki P. Pathways from heroin addiction: Recovery without

treatment. Philadelphia: Temple University Press; 1986.

Anderson TL, Bondi L. Exiting the drug addict role: Variations by

race and gender. Symbolic Interaction. 1998; 21:155-174.

Waldorf D, Reinarman C, Murphy S. Cocaine changes: The experience of using and quitting. Temple University Press: Philadelphia; 1992.

Scott MS. Rave parties. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services; 2004.

Hamm MS. American skinheads. Westport, CT: Praeger

Publishing; 1993.

Pearson A. The grateful dead phenomenon: An ethnomethodological

approach. Youth and Society. 1987; 18:418-432.

Anderson TL. Rave culture: The alteration and decline of a Philadelphia music scene. Philadelphia: Temple University Press; 2009.

Thornton S. Club cultures: music, media, and subculture capital.

Wesleyan University Press: Middletown, CT; 1996.

Tomlinson L. This ain’t no disco…or it is? Youth culture and the rave phenomenon. In: Epstein JS, editor. Youth culture: Identity in a post modern world. Hobokin, NJ: Blackwell Publishing; 1998. P. 195-211.

Knutagard H. New trends in European youth and drug cultures. Youth Studies Australia. 1996; 15:37–42.

Redhead S. Rave off: Politics and deviance in contemporary youth culture. Brookfield, VT: Avebury; 1993.

Redhead S. Unpopular cultures: The birth of law and popular culture. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1995.

Rietveld H. Living the dream. In: Redhead S, editor. Rave off: Politics and deviance in contemporary youth culture. Brookfield, VT: Avebury; 1993. p. 41–78.

Hill, A. Acid house and Thatcherism: Noise, the mob, and the English countryside. British J Sociology. 2002; 53:89-105.

Melechi A. The Ecstasy of Disappearance. In: Redhead S, editor.

Rave off: Politics and deviance in contemporary youth culture. Burlington, VT: Avebury Press. 1993. p. 29-40.

Reynolds S. Generation ecstasy: Into the world of techno and rave culture. New York: Routledge; 1999.

Nehring N. Everyone’s given up and just wants to go dancing: From punk to rave in the Thatcher era. Popular Music and Society. 2007; 30:1-18.

Redhead S. The end-of-the-century party: Youth and pop towards 2000. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press; 1990.

Winlow S, Hall S. Living for the weekend. Ethnography. 2009; 10:91-113.

Hunt G, Evans K, Wu E, Reyes A. Asian American youth, the dance scene, and club drugs. J Drug Issues. 2005; 35:695-731.

Salasuo M, Seppala P. Drug use within the Finnish club culture as

marks of distinction. Contemp Drug Problm. 2004; 31:213-230.

Ter Bogt T, Engels R, Hibbel B, Van Wel F, Verhagen S. Dancestasy:

Dance and MDMA use in Dutch youth culture. Contemp Drug Problm. 2002; 29:157-81.

Northcote J. Nightclubbing and the search for identity: Making the transition from childhood to adulthood in an urban milieu. Journal of Youth Studies. 2006; 9:1-16.

Riley SCE, James C, Gregory D, Dingle H, Cadger M. 2001. Patterns of recreational drug use at dance events in Edinburgh, Scotland. Addiction. 2001; 96:1035-1047.

Sherlock K, Conner M. Patterns of ecstasy use amongst clubgoers

on the UK “dance scene.” International Journal of Drug Policy. 1999; 10:117–29.

Van de Wijngaart GF, Braam R, de Bruin D, Fris M, Maalste NJM,

Verbraeck HT. Ecstasy use at large-scale dance events in the Netherlands. Journal of Drug Use. 1999; 29:679-702

Topp L, Hando J, Dillon P, Roche A, Solowij N. Ecstasy use in Australia: Patterns of use, associated harm.” Drug Alcohol Depend. 1999; 55: 105-115.

Laidler KJ. The rise of club drugs in a heroin society: The case of Hong Kong. Subst Use Misuse. 2005; 40:249–66.

Camarotti AC, Kornblit AL. Representaciones socials y practicas de consumo del extasis. Convergencia. 2005; 12:313-333.

Degenhardt L, Dillon P, Duff C, Ross J. Driving, drug use behaviour and risk perceptions of nightclub attendees in Victoria, Australia. Int J Drug Policy. 2006; 17:41-46.

Duff C, Rowland B. Rushing behind the wheel: Investigating the prevalence of ‘drug driving’ among club and rave patrons in Melbourne, Australia. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy. 2006; 13:299-312.

Furr-Holden D, Voas RB, Kelley-Baker T, Miller B. Drug and alcohol-impaired driving among electronic music dance event attendees. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006; 85: 83-86.

Barrett SP, Gross SR, Gerand I, Pihl RO. Patterns of simultaneous

polysubstance use in Canadian rave attendees. Subst Use Misuse. 2005; 40:1525-1537.

Miller BA, Furr-Holden D, Voas RB, Bright K. Emerging adults’ substance use and risky behaviors in club settings. J Drug Issues. 2005; 35:357,-378.

Fidler H, Amar D, Gertner D, Burroughs A. Chronic ecstasy (3,4 Methylenedioxymetamphetamine) ebuse: A recurrent and unpredictable cause of severe acute hepatitis. J Hepatology. 1996; 25:563-566.

McElrath K. MDMA and sexual behavior: Ecstasy users’ perceptions about sexuality and sexual risk. Subst Use Misuse. 2005; 40:1399-1407.

Novoa RA, Ompad DC, Wu Y, Vlahov D, Galea S. Ecstasy use and

its association with sexual behaviors among drug users in New York City. J Comm Health. 2005; 30:331-343.

Sterk CE, Theall KP, Elifson KW. Young adult ecstasy use patterns:

Quantities and combinations. J Drug Issues. 2006; 36:201-228.

Krebs CP, Steffy DM. Club drug use among delinquent youth.

Subst Use Misuse. 2005; 40:1363-1379.

Levy KB, O’Grady KE, Wish ED, Arria AM. An in-depth qualitative

examination of the ecstasy experience: Results of a focus group with ecstasy-using college students. Subst Use Misuse. 2005; 40:1427-1441.

Yacoubian GS, Deutsch JK, Schumacher EJ. Estimating the prevalence of ecstasy use among club rave attendees. Contemporary Drug Problems. 2004; 31:163-178.

Parks KA. Club drugs: Reasons for and consequences of use. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2004; 36:295-302.

Parrott AC. MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or ecstasy: The neuropsychobiological implications of taking it at dances and raves. Neuropsychobiology. 2004; 50:329-35.

Parrott AC, Rodgers J, Buchanan T, Ling J, Heffernan T, Scholey AB. Dancing hot on ecstasy: Physical activity and thermal comfort ratings are associated with the memory and other psychobiological problems reported by recreational MDMA users. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. 2006; 21:285-298.

Travers KR, Lyvers M. Mood and impulsivity of recreational Ecstasy users in the week following a “rave.” Addict Res Theory, 2005; 13:43-52.

Colarossi A. 19 Arrested in drug probe that also snags two deputies. Orlando Sentinel. 2004 March 6.

Holmberg M. US VA: Nightclubs in alphabet soup with ABC cracking down on X. Richmond Times-Dispatch. 2001 June 6.

Mahiri J, Connor E. Black youth violence has a bad rap. Journal of Social Issues, Youth Perspectives on violence and injustice. 2003, 9:121-140.

Golub A, Johnson BD. Cohort changes in illegal drug use among arrestees in Manhattan: From the heroin injection generation to the blunts generation. Substance Use and Misuse. 1999; 34:1733-1763.

Golub A, Johnson BD, Dunlap E. Growth in marijuana use among

American youths during the 1990s and the extent of blunt smoking. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse. 2005; 4:1-21.

Sifaneck SJ, Johnson BD, Dunlap E. Cigars-for-blunts: Choice of tobacco products by blunt smokers. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse. 2005; 4: 23-42.

Herd D. Changes in the prevalence of alcohol use in rap song

lyrics, 1979-97. Addiction. 2005; 9:1258-1269.

Diamond S, Rey B, Schensul J. What’s the rap about ecstasy? Popular music lyrics and drug trends among American youth. Journal of Adolescent Research. 2006; 21:269-298.

Graham K, Osgood Wayne OD, Wells S, Stockwell T. To what extent is intoxication associated with aggression in bars? A Multilevel Analysis. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 2006; 67:382-390.

Morse JM. Validity by committee. Qualitative Health Research. 1998, 8: 443-445.

Strauss AL Corbin JM. Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications; 1990.

Lincoln YS, Guba EG. Nnaturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, London:sage Publications; 1985.

Hutton F. Risky pleasures? Club cultures and feminine identities. Aldershot, England: Ashgate; 2006.

Hunt GP, Evans K, Kares F. Drug use and meanings of risk and pleasure. Journal of Youth Studies. 2007; 10:73-96

Moore K, Miles S. Young people, dance ad the sub-cultural consumption of drugs. Addiction Research & Theory. 2004; 12:507-523.

Moore K. A Commitment to Clubbing. Peace Review. 2004; 16:459-465.

Boeri MW, Sterk CE, Elifson KW. Rolling beyond raves: Ecstasy use outside the rave setting. Journal of Drug Issues. 2004; 34:831-859

Calafat A, Fernandez C, Juan M, Becona E. Recreational nightlife: Risk and protective factors for drug misuse among young Europeans in recreational environments. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy. 2008; 15:189-200.

Measham F. The new policy mix: Alcohol, harm minimisation, and determined drunkenness in contemporary society. International Journal of Drug Policy. 2006; 17:258-268.

Weber, M. Sociological Writings. New York, NY: Continuum Publishing Co; 1994

Bennett A. Cultures of popular music. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press; 2001.

Malbon B. Clubbing: dancing, ecstasy and vitality. New York: Routledge; 1999.

Thornton, S. Club cultures: music, media, and subculture capital.

Wesleyan University Press: Middletown, CT; 1996.

Anderson TL. Drug identity change processes, race, and gender: Part 2. micro-level motivational concepts. Subst Use Misuse. 1998b; 33: 2469-2483.

Anderson TL. Drug Identity Change Processes, Race, and Gender:

Part 3. Macro-level Opportunity Concepts. Substance Use and Misuse. 1998c; 33: 2721-2735.

Anderson TL, Mott JA. Drug-related identity change: Theoretical

development and empirical assessment. J Drug Issues. 1998; 28:

-328.

Kavanaugh PR, Anderson TL. Solidarity and drug use in the electronic dance music scene. Soc Quart. 2008; 49: 189-208.

Camilleri AM, Caldicott D. Underground pill testing, down under.

Forensic Science International. 2005; 151:53-58.

Jacinto C, Duterte M, Sales P, Murphy S. Maximising the highs

and minimizing the lows: Harm reduction guidance within ecstasy distribution networks. Int J Drug Policy. 2008; 19:393-400.

Descargas

Publicado

2009-12-01

Número

Sección

Originales