La búsqueda de sensaciones y su relación con la vulnerabilidad a la adicción y al estrés

Autores/as

  • Roser Nadal Alemany Profesora Titular de Universidad. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. Instituto de Neurociencias y Unidad de Psicobiología (Facultad de Psicología). Enviar correspondencia a: Roser Nadal Alemany. Instituto de Neurociencias y Unidad de Psicobiología (Facultad de Psicología). Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. 08193 Bellaterra. Barcelona

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.289

Palabras clave:

Personalidad, diferencias individuales, estrés, vulnerabilidad, búsqueda de sensaciones

Resumen

Existe una importante vulnerabilidad individual a la adicción que puede estar relacionada con factores de personalidad. Uno de los rasgos de personalidad más estudiado en relación a la susceptibilidad a la adicción ha sido el de búsqueda de sensaciones o de novedades. En esta revisión se analizan principalmente datos de investigación básica sobre la relación entre adicción y búsqueda de sensaciones. En modelos animales este rasgo ha sido valorado principalmente mediante la actividad motora en un ambiente nuevo, estableciéndose dos tipologías de ratas, las denominadas LR (low-responders) y las HR (high-responders) que muestran respectivamente niveles bajos y altos de actividad en dicho ambiente nuevo. Los animales HR son más sensibles a los efectos estimulantes motores de diversas drogas y muestran mayor sensibilización conductual ante la administración repetida de la droga respecto a los LR. Además, los sujetos HR adquieren inicialmente más fácilmente la conducta de autoadministración operante de diversas drogas de abuso. La reactividad del eje hipotálamo-pituitario-adrenal ante ciertas situaciones de estrés también es mayor en los animales HR que en los LR. A nivel del sistema nervioso central, los sujetos HR también presentan una mayor actividad del eje hipotalámico-pituitarioadrenal. Respecto al sistema dopaminérgico, estudios de microdiálisis muestran que la cocaína ejerce un mayor efecto neuroquímico (mayor incremento en los niveles de dopamina) en los animales HR que en los LR. Estos datos en animales a grandes rasgos se replican también en humanos, aunque existen también resultados contradictorios tanto en animales como en humanos, indicando que el tema es complejo y aún no está resuelto.

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