Intervenciones de fortalecimiento familiar para la prevención del consumo de sustancias en hijos de padres adictos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.320Palabras clave:
programas de padres, prevención familiar, hijos de alcohólicos, hijos de consumidores de sustancias, prevención, política de prevención, abuso de drogas, formación clínicaResumen
La literatura científica demuestra sistemáticamente que, aunque los hijos de consumidores de sustancias sufren riesgos biológicos, psicológicos y ambientales, los efectos de estos riesgos se pueden reducir con el empleo de intervenciones y tratamientos efectivos. La investigación ha documentado de forma fehaciente reducciones en la disfunción familiar e infantil cuando se utilizan con coherencia programas de intervención familiar. Aunque se han desarrollado cierto número de ensayos efectivos basados en la familia, sólo unos pocos se han diseñado específicamente para hijos de padres consumidores de sustancias. Y únicamente dos se han comprobado en pruebas de control aleatorias: el Streghtening Families Program y el Focus on the Family. El Streghtening Families Program (Programa de Fortalecimiento Familiar) ha demostrado estadísticamente reducciones significativas en la disfunción familiar e infantil entre varios grupos etnoculturales cuando se utiliza de forma coherente. Los programas de postgrado clínicos y avanzados deben abordar el entrenamiento en estas prácticas basadas en la evidencia y en la forma de adaptar estos modelos para que sean más sensibles culturalmente y apropiados al género y la edad con el fin de que atiendan a una creciente población de familias necesitadas.Citas
Adger, H. (2000). Children in alcoholic families: Family dynamics and treatment issues. In S. Abbott (Ed.), Children of alcoholics: Selected readings, Volume II, (pp. 385-395). Rockville, MD: National Association of Children of Alcoholics.
Alvarado, R., y Kumpfer, K.L. (2000). Strengthening Americas Families. Juvenile Justice, 7, 8-18.
Catalano, R. F., Haggerty, K. P., Gainey, R. R., y Hoppe, M. J. (1997). Reducing parental risk factors for children’s substance misuse; preliminary outcomes with opiateaddicted parents. Substance Use and Misuse, 32, 699-721.
Catalano, R. F., Gainey, R. R., Fleming, C. B., Haggerty, K. P., y Johnson, N. O. (1999). An experimental intervention with families of substance abusers: one-year follow up of the focus on families project. Addiction, 94, 241-254.
Chassin, L., Carle, A., Nissim-Sabat, D. y Kumpfer, K.L., (2004): Fostering resilience in children of alcoholic parents. In K. I. Maton (ed.), Investing in children, youth, families and communities: Strenght-based research and policy. Washington, D.C.: APA Books.
Camp, J.M. y Finkelstein, N. (1997), Parenting training for women in residential substance abuse treatment: Results of a demonstration project. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 14, 411-422.
Child Welfare League of America (2003). State Child Welfare Agency Survey. Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America.
Cuijpers, P. (2005). Prevention programmes for children of problem drinkers: A review. Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 12 (6). 465-475.
DeMarsh, J. P., y Kumpfer, K. L. (1985). Family-oriented interventions for the prevention of chemical dependency in children and adolescence. In Ezekoye, S., Kumpfer, K., y Bukoski,W. (Eds.), Childhood and Chemical Abuse: Prevention and Intervention (pp. 117-151). New York: The Haworth Press.
DeWit, D, Nochajski, T., Maguin, E, Safyer, A., Macdonald, S., Kumpfer, K., et al. (submitted). Achieving gains in children’s social functioning through better parenting: Evaluating the immediate impact of an intervention for children of alcoholics.
Dishion, T. y Connell, A. (in press). Adolescents’ resilience as a self-regulatory process: Promising themes for linking intervention with developmental science. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.
Dube, S. R., Anda, R.F., Felitti, V. J., Croft, J. B., Edwards, V. J. y Giles, W.H. (2001). Growing up with parental alcohol abuse: Exposure to childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25, 1627-1640.
Emshoff, J. G., y Anyan, L. L. (1989). From prevention to treatment: issues for school-aged children of alcoholics. In: Galanter, M. (ed.) Recent Developments in Alcoholism: Volume 0, Children of Alcoholics. New York: Plenum Press, 1989.
Gottfredson, D., Kumpfer, K.L., Polizzi-Fox, D., Wilson, D., Puryear, V, Beatty, P., y Vilmenay, M. (2006). Strengthening Washington, D.C. Families Project: A randomized effectiveness trial of family-based
prevention, Prevention Science, 7, 57-74.
Grant, B.F. (2000). Estimates of US children exposed to alcohol abuse and dependence in the family. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 112-115. Greenberg, M. (in press). Promoting resilience in children and youth: Preventive interventions and their interface
with neuroscience. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.
Foxcroft, D., Allen, D. y Coombes, L. (2005). Adaptation and Implementation of SFP 10-14 Years for U.K. Abstract submitted to Society for Prevention Research, San Antonio, May 2005. School of Health and Social Care, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
Foxcroft, D.R., Ireland, D., Lister-Sharp, D.J., Lowe, G., y Breen, R. (2003). Longer-term Primary prevention for alcohol misuse in young people: A systematic review. Addiction, 98: 397-411.
Jang, K. L., Vernon, P. A., Livesley, W. J., Stein, M. B., y Wolf, H. (2001). Intra- and extra-familial influences on alcohol and drug misuse: a twin study of geneenvironment correlation. Addiction, 96, 1307-1318.
Johnson, J. L. y Leff, M. (1999). Children of substance abusers: Overview of research findings. Pediatrics, 10, 1085-1099.
Jrapko, A, Ward, D., Hazelton, T., y Foster, T.L. (2003). Family Treatment Drug Court Head Start Program: Annual Report. Center for Applied Local Research. San Jose, CA.
Kelly, M.L. y Fals-Stewart, W. (2002). Couple-versus individual-based therapy for alcohol and drug abuse: Effects on children’s psychosocial functioning. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 70, 417-427.
Kimber, B. (2005). Cultural Adaptation and Preliminary Results of the Strengthening Families Program 6-11 in Sweden. Paper presented at Society for Prevention Research, San Antonio, TX, full report at Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden.
Kumpfer, K.L. (1987). Special Populations: Etiology and prevention of vulnerability to chemical dependency in children of substance abusers. In Brown, B.S., y Mills, A.R. (Eds.) Youth at High Risk for Substance Abuse: 1-71. NIDA, DHHS Pub.# (ADM) 90-1537. Washington,DC.
Kumpfer, K.L. (1999). Strengthening America’s Families: Promising Parenting and Family Strategies for Delinquency Prevention. A User’s Guide, Prepared for the U. S. Department of Justice under Grant No. 87-JS-CX-K495 from the Office of Juvenile Justice
and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Juvenile Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Also see www.strengtheningfamilies.org.
Kumpfer, K.L. (2006). Year One (FY `05-`06) Evaluation Report for Celebrating Families!TM. Grant. LutraGroup: Salt Lake City, Utah, July 15, 2006.
Kumpfer, K.L. y Alvarado, R. (2003). Family streghtening approaches for the prevention of youth problem behaviours, American Psychologist, 58, (6/7), 457-465.
Kumpfer, K. L., Alvarado, R., Smith, P. y Bellamy, N. (2002). Cultural sensitivity in universal family-based prevention interventions. Prevention Science, 3, 241-244.
Kumpfer, K. L., Alvarado, R. y Smith P. (2004). Drug abuse prevention tools and programs. In R. H. Coombs (eds.), Addiction Counseling Review: Preparing for Comprehensive, Certification and Licensing Exams (pp. 467-486). New York: Lahaska Press, Houghton
Mifflin.
Kumpfer, K. L, Alvarado, R, Tait, C., y Turner, C. (2002). Effectiveness of school-based family and children’s skills training for substance abuse prevention among 6-8 year old rural children. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 16, 65-71.
Kumpfer, K.L. Alvarado, R., y Whiteside, H.O. (2003). Family-based interventions for the substance abuse prevention. Substance Use and Misuse, 38 (11-13): 1759-1789.
Kumpfer, K.L., Alvarado, R., Whiteside, H.O., y Tait, C. (2005). The Strengthening Families Program (SFP): An evidence-based, multi-cultural family skills training program. J. Szapocznik, P. Tolan, y S. Sambrano, (Eds.), In Preventing Substance Abuse, (pp. 3-14). Washington, D.C., American Psychological Association Books.
Kumpfer, K. L. and Bays, J. (1995). Child Abuse and Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse. In J.H. Jaffe (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Drugs and Alcohol (pp. 217-222), New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Kumpfer, K. L., y DeMarsh, J. P. (1985). Family environmental and genetic influences on children’s future chemical dependency. In Ezekoye, S., Kumpfer, K. y Bukoski, W. (Eds.), Childhood and Chemical Abuse: Prevention and Intervention (pp. 49-91). New York: The Haworth Press.
Kumpfer, K.L., Molgaard, V., y Spoth, R. (1996). The Strengthening Families Program for Prevention of Delinquency and Drug Use in Special Populations. In R. Dev Peters, y R. J. McMahon, (Eds.) Childhood Disorders, Substance Abuse, and Delinquency:
Prevention and Early Intervention Approaches. Newbury Park, Ca: Sage Publications. Kumpfer, K.L., Smith, P. y Franklin Summerhays, J. (in prensa). A wake -up call to the prevention field: Are
prevention programs for substance use effective for girls? Substance Use and Misuse.
Kumpfer, K. L. y Whiteside, H. O. (2004). Strengthening Families Program 6 – 11 Years: Parent, Child, and Family Skills Training Group Leaders Manuals. LutraGroup: Salt Lake City, Utah.
Li, C., Pentz, M.A., y Chou, C. (2002). Parental substance use as a modifier of adolescent substance use risk. Addiction, 97, 1537-1550.
Liddle, H.A., Santisteban, D., Levant, R., y Bray, J. (2002). Family Psychology: Science-Based Interventions. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Press.
Lochman, J.E. y Steenhoven, A. (2002). Family-based approaches to substance abuse prevention. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 23, 49-114.
Luthar, S., Cushing, G. Merikangas, K. y Rounsaville, B. (1998). Multiple jeopardy: Risk and protective factors among addicted mother`s offspring. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 117-136.
Luthar, S.S., D’Avanzo, y Hites. (2005) Maternal drug abuse versus other psychological disturbances, In S.S.Luthar, Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press.
Maguin, E., Zucker, R. A., y Fitzgerald, H. E. (1994). The path to alcohol problems through conduct problems: a family-based approach to very early intervention with risk. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 4, 249-269.
Maguin, E., Nochajski, T., Dewit, D., Macdonald, S., Safyer, A., y Kumpfer, K. (submitted). The Strengthening Families Program and children of alcoholic’s families: Effects on parenting and child externalizing behavior.
Markowitz, R. (2004). Dynamics and treatment issues with children of drug and alcohol abusers. In S.L.A. Straussner (Ed.), Clinical Work with Substance-Abusing Clients. 2nd. ed. (pp. 125-145). New York: Guilford Press.
Moore, J., y Finkelstein, N. (2001). Parenting services for families affected by substance abuse. Child Welfare, 80, 221-238.
National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, National
Child Abuse and Neglect Data System. (2003). Child maltreatment 2001: Reports from the states to the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.
Quitten, G. (2004). Evaluation of the Impact of the Celebrating Families Program and the Family Drug Treatment Court on Parents Receiving Family Reunification Services. Master’s of Social Work, College of Social Work, San Jose State University.
Onrust, S. y Bool, M. (2006). Evaluatie van de cursus Gezin aan Bod: Nederlandse versie van het Strengthening Families Program (SFP), Evaluation Report submitted to MonZw, Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands (July, 2006).
Orte, C., March, M.X., Ballester, L., y Touza, C. (2006). Results of a family competence program adapted for Spanish drug abusing parents. Abstract submitted to Society for Prevention Research, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma of Majorca, Spain.
Paddock, S. (2005). School-based drug prevention and other strategies of reducing drug use. Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA #CRT-237.
Price, A. W. y Emshoff, J. J. (1997). Breaking the cycle of addiction: prevention and intervention with children of alcoholics. Alcohol Health and Research World, 21, 241-246.
Resnick, M., et al. (1997). Protecting adolescents from harm. Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 823-32.
Schuckit, M. A. (1991). A longitudinal study of children of alcoholics. In Galanter (Ed); Begleiter (Ed); et-al. (1991). Recent developments in alcoholism, Vol. 9: Children of alcoholics. (pp. 5-19). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Schuckit, M. A y Smith, T.L. (2001). Correlates of unpredicted outcomes in sons of alcoholics and controls. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62 (4), 477-485.
Spoth, R., Guyll, M., y Day, S. X. (2002). Universal family-focused interventions in alcohol-use disorder prevention: Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses of two interventions. Journal of Studies on
Alcohol, 63, 219-228.
Spoth, R., Redmond, C., Mason, A., Kosterman, R., Haggerty, K., & Hawkins, D. (2005). Ten-year followup assessment of brief, family-focused intervention effects on lifetime conduct and antisocial personality disorders: Preliminary results. Poster presented at 13th
annual Society for Prevention Research conference, Washington, D.C. May 26, 2005.
Spoth, R., Shin, C., Guyll, M., Redmond, C., y Azevedo, K. (2006). Universality of effects: An examination of the comparability of long-term family intervention effects on substance use across risk-related subgroups. Prevention Science, 7, 209-224.
Suomi. S.J. (en prensa). Risk, resilience, and gene X environment interactions in rhesus monkeys. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.