Cribado de problemas de alcohol e intervención breve en los servicios de urgencias: una oportunidad para la prevención

Cheryl J. Cherpitel, Alicia Rodríguez Martos

Resumen


Se ha comprobado una fuerte asociación entre consumo de alcohol y lesiones. Dos recientes estudios internacionales han analizado la implicación del alcohol en las lesiones, teniendo en cuenta variables contextuales. Los pacientes con alcoholemia positiva o que informaron haber consumido alcohol antes de la lesión tenían mayor probabilidad de ser admitidos en urgencias por lesiones que los pacientes no traumáticos, y las pautas perjudiciales de consumo predecían, a nivel individual, el riesgo relacionado con el alcohol y la probabilidad de atribuir la lesión al consumo de dicha sustancia. Los servicios de urgencias (SU) están en una posición privilegiada para identificar e intervenir sobre individuos con consumo de riesgo o que ya han desarrollado problemas relacionados con el alcohol, pues se encuentran en un “momento receptivo” tras el evento impactante. Se han analizado diferentes instrumentos de cribado para la identificación de los problemas de alcohol en los pacientes que acuden a urgencias. Se propone la utilización del cuestionario RAPS4-QF (Rapid Alcohol Problems Screen, 4 ítems + 2 preguntas de cantidad-frecuencia) por su óptimo rendimiento en el marco de los SU. Diversos estudios han puesto de manifiesto el buen resultado de la intervención breve entre estos pacientes, con una reducción del consumo no siempre significativa frente al grupo control, y una reducción significativa de los problemas relacionados con el alcohol (por ejemplo, nuevas lesiones e ingresos hospitalarios), comparada con el grupo control. Sin embargo, identificación precoz e intervención breve siguen siendo una asignatura pendiente en los SU de todo el mundo.


Palabras clave


alcohol; cribado; intervención breve; servicio de urgencias

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Referencias


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.367

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