Alteraciones neurobiológicas en el alcoholismo: revisión

Amaia M. Erdozain, Luis F. Callado

Resumen


Todavía se desconoce el mecanismo exacto mediante el cual el etanol produce sus efectos en el cerebro. Sin embargo, hoy en día se sabe que el etanol interactúa con proteínas específicas de la membrana neuronal, implicadas en la transmisión de señales, produciendo así alteraciones en la actividad neuronal. En este artículo de revisión se describen diferentes alteraciones neuroquímicas producidas por esta droga. En primer lugar, el etanol actúa sobre dos receptores de membrana: los receptores ionotrópicos GABAA y NMDA. El etanol potencia la acción del GABA y antagoniza la del glutamato, actuando de esta manera como un depresor del SNC. Además, el etanol afecta a la mayoría de sistemas neuroquímicos y endocrinos. En cuanto al sistema de recompensa, tanto el sistema opioide como el dopaminérgico se ven alterados por esta droga. Igualmente, los sistemas serotonérgico, noradrenérgico, cannabinoide y el sistema del factor liberador de corticotropina, tienen un papel importante en la neurobiología del alcoholismo. Por otro lado, el etanol también puede modular componentes citosólicos, entre los cuales se encuentran los segundos mensajeros. Asimismo, en este artículo de revisión se presentan los tratamientos farmacológicos actuales para el alcoholismo, así como diferentes tratamientos potenciales de futuro, basados en resultados de investigaciones en curso.


Palabras clave


Alcoholismo; neurobiologia; neurotransmisores; GABA; glutamato.

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Referencias


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.40

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