Ansiedad y consumo de tabaco en niños y adolescentes Anxiety and tobacco consumption in children and adolescents

Autores/as

  • Elisardo Becoña Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Enviar correspondencia a: Elisardo Becoña. Unidad de Tabaquismo. Departamento de Psicología Clínica y Psicobiología. Facultad de Psicología. Campus Universitario Sur. 15782 Santiago de Compostela.
  • Mª Carmen Míguez Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.407

Palabras clave:

fumar, tabaco, ansiedad, niños, adolescentes smoking, tobacco, anxiety, children, adolescents

Resumen

Cada vez hay mayor evidencia de que existe relación entre fumar cigarrillos y distintos trastornos psicopatológicos, especialmente con depresión y distintos trastornos de ansiedad. Esta evidencia existe en adultos pero se ha estudiado menos en niños y adolescentes. En el presente estudio se analiza en dos muestras representativas de estudiantes de enseñanza primaria (N = 1.447, 11-16 años) y secundaria (N = 2.790, 14-21 años) de Galicia la relación existente entre consumo de cigarrillos y ansiedad rasgo. Los resultados indican resultados semejantes en ambas muestras de niños y adolescentes: los que nunca fumaron tienen una puntuación significativamente más baja en ansiedad rasgo que los que fuman. Por sexo, los hombres tienen una menor puntuación en ansiedad rasgo que las mujeres en todas las comparaciones realizadas. Estos resultados indican la consistente relación que hay entre ansiedad y fumar desde edades tempranas hasta la adultez. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados para el tratamiento y la prevención del tabaquismo y de los problemas de ansiedad, como la de analizar si las personas fuman cuando acuden a tratamiento por problemas de ansiedad, y la necesidad de prevenir el consumo de tabaco para con ello prevenir tanto el consumo de tabaco como los posteriores problemas de ansiedad.
There is increasing evidence that a relationship exists between cigarette smoking and several psychopathological disorders, particularly depression and anxiety disorders. This evidence exists in adults but has been little studied in children and adolescents. In this study, we analyse the relationship between cigarette smoking and trait-anxiety in two representative samples of adolescents, in primary education (N = 1,447, 11-16 years), and in secondary education (N = 2,790, 14-21 years) in Galicia (Spain). Similar results are found in both samples: those who had never smoked present significantly lower scores in traitanxiety than those who do. Girls scored higher than boys in trait-anxiety, in all the comparisons made. These results indicate the existence of a consistent relationship between anxiety and smoking, which can be observed from an early age to adulthood. The implications of these results for the prevention and treatment of both smoking and anxiety disorders are discussed, as is the implication of taking into smoking antecedents into consideration when a patient seeks anxiety disorder treatment, and the need to prevent smoking consumption and in doing so prevent both smoking and subsequent anxiety disorders..

Citas

Audrain, J., Lerman, C., Gomez-Caminero, A., Boyd, N. R.y Orleans, C. T. (1998). The role of trait anxiety in nicotine dependence. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 3, 29-42.

Becoña, E., Vázquez, F., Fuentes, M. C. y Lorenzo, M. C. (1999). Anxiety, affect, depression and cigarette consumption. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 113-119.

Becoña, E., Vázquez, F.L. y Míguez, M.C. (2002). Smoking cessation and anxiety in a clinical sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 489-494.

Breslau, N. y Klein, D. F. (1999). Smoking and panic attacks. An epidemiological investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 1141-1147.

Cinciripini, P. M., Lapitzky, L., Seay, S., Wallfisch, A., Meyer, W. J. y van Vunakis, H. (1995). A placebo-controlled evaluation of the effects of buspirone on smoking cessation: Differences between high- and low-anxiety smokers. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 182-191.

Cohen, S. y Lichtenstein, E. (1990). Perceived stress, quitting smoking, and smoking relapse. Health Psychology, 9, 466-478.

Comeau, N., Stewart, S. H. y Loba, P. (2001). The relations of trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and sensation seeking to adolescents´motivation for alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 803-825.

de Leon, J., Becoña, E., Gurpegui, M., González-Pinto, A. y Díaz, F. J. (2002). The association between high nicotine dependence and severe mental illness may be consistent across countries. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63, 812-816.

Farrell, M., Howes, S., Taylor, C., Lewis, G., Jenkins, R., Bebbington, P., Jarvis, M., Brugha, T., Gill, B. y Meltzer, H. (1998). Substance misuse and psychiatric comordibidy: An overview of the OPCS National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Addictive Behaviors, 23,

-918.

Foreyt, J. P., Goodrick, G. K., Schaefer, C., Jackson, A. S., Squires, W. G. y Poston, W. S. C. (1997). Personality characteristics of current and former smokeless tobacco users. American Journal of Health Behavior, 21, 299-309.

Forgays, D. G., Bonaiuto, P., Wrzesniewski, K. y Forgays, K. (1993). Personality and cigarette smoking in Italy, Poland, and the United States. International Journal of Addictions, 28, 399-413.

González, C., Navarro, J. I. y Salvador, L. (1998). Factores psicosociales que intervienen en la adquisición del comportamiento tabáquico. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 30, 49-66.

Grobe, J. E. y Perkins, K. A. (2000). Behavioral factors influencing the effects of nicotine. En M. Piasecki y P.A. Newhouse (Eds.). Nicotine in psychiatry (pp. 59-81). Washington, DC: American

Psychyiatric Press.

Hughes, J. R., Hatsukami, D. K., Mitchell, J. E. y Dahlgren, L. A. (1986). Prevalence of smoking among psychiatry outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 993-997.

Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Pine, D. S., Klein, D. F., Kasen, S. y Brook, J. S. (2000). Association between cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. JAMA, 284, 2348-2351.

Kandel, D. B., Huang, F. Y. y Davies, M. (2001). Comorbidity between patterns of substance use dependence and psychiatric syndromes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 64, 233-241.

Leonard, S., Adler, L. E., Benhammou, K., Berger, R., Breese, C. R., Drebing, C., Gault, J., Lee, M. J., Logel, J., Olincy, A., Ross, R. G., Stevens, K., Sullivan, B., Vianzon, R., Virnich, D. E., Waldo, M., Walton, K. y Freedman, R. (2001). Smoking and mental illness. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 70, 561-570.

Parrott, A. C. (1999). Does cigarette smoking cause stress? American Psychologist, 54, 817-820.

Parrott, A. C. y Garnham, N. J. (1998). Comparative mood states and cognitive skills of cigarette smokers, d e p r i ve d smo ke r s a n d n o n smo ke r s . H uma n Psychopharmacology, 13, 367-376.

Patton, G. C., Carlin, J. B., Coffey, C., Wolfe, R., Hibbert, M., Bowes, G. (1998). Depression, anxiety, and smoking initiation: a prospective study over 3 years. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 1518-1522.

Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (2001). Observatorio español sobre drogas. Informe nº 4. Madrid: Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas.

Spielberger, C. D., Edwards, C. D., Lushene, R. E., Montuori, J. y Platzek, D. (1990). STAIC. Cuestionario de autoevaluación ansiedad estado-rasgo en niños. Madrid: TEA.

Takemura, Y., Akanuma, M., Kikuchi, S. y Inaba, Y. (1999). Cross-sectional study on the relationship between smoking or smoking cessation and trait anxiety. Preventive Medicine, 29, 496-500.

U. S. D. H. H. S. (1988). Nicotine addiction. A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services.

West, R. y Hajek, P. (1997). What happens to anxiety levels on giving up smoking? American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1589-1592

Descargas

Publicado

2004-06-15

Número

Vol. 16 Núm. 2 (2004)

Sección

Originales