Alteraciones neuropsicológicas en el alcoholismo: una revisión sobre la afectación de la memoria y las funciones ejecutivas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.417Palabras clave:
Alcoholismo, Déficit neuropsicológicos, Memoria de trabajo, Funciones ejecutivas, VulnerabilidadResumen
El estudio de los déficit neuropsicológicos en los sujetos alcohólicos ha cobrado una especial relevancia en las últimas décadas. Esto se debe fundamentalmente a sus implicaciones en aspectos tan importantes como son el pronóstico terapéutico y el diseño de estrategias adecuadas de intervención. Este artículo presenta una revisión de los principales estudios sobre la afectación de la memoria y de las funciones ejecutivas en alcohólicos. Los resultados, aunque con ciertas discrepancias, sugieren la existencia de una alteración en la capacidad mnésica, que afecta sobre todo a la memoria de trabajo y a estrategias de aprendizaje. Asimismo se constata la presencia de un déficit en las funciones ejecutivas en los sujetos alcohólicos. Por otro lado, se valora la posibilidad de que esté déficit en las funciones ejecutivas actúe como un factor de vulnerabilidad a desarrollar alcoholismo.Citas
Acker W, Ron MA, Lishman WA y Shaw GK (1984): A multivariate analysis of psychological, clinical and CT scanning measures in detoxified chronic alcoholics. British Journal of Adiction, 79: 293-301.
Ambrose ML, Bowden SC y Whelan G (2001): Working memory impairments in alcohol-dependent participants without clinical amnesia. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25:185-191.
Aragón CM y Miquel M (1995): Alcoholismo. En A Belloch, B Sandín, F Ramos (Eds.): Manual de Psicopatología. Madrid. Mc Graw Hill.
Baddeley AD y Hitch GJ (1974): Working memory. En Bower (Eds.): Recent advances in learning and motivation, vol VIII, New York. Academic Press.
Baddeley AD y Wilson BB (1988 ): Frontal amnesia and dysexecutive syndrome. Brain and Cognition,7: 212-30.
Becker JT y Jaffe JH (1984): Impaired memory for treatment relevant information in inpatient men alcoholics. Journal of Studies on Alcohol,45: 339-343.
Bertera JH y Parsons OA (1978): Impaired visual search in alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research,2: 9-14.
Brandt J, Butters N, Ryan C y Bayog R (1983):Cognitive loss and recovery in long-term alcohol abusers. Archives of General Psychiatry,40 : 435-442.
Caballero Martínez L (2000): Adicción a la cocaína: de la neurobiología a la clínica humana. JANO. Psiquiatría y humanidades. Vol II, 1:5-9.
Cermak LS y Peck E (1982): Continuum versus premature aging theories of chronic alcoholism. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research,6 : 89-95.
Cloninger CR, Bohman M y Siguardson S (1981): Inheritance of alcohol abuse: Cross fostering analysis of adopted men. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38 : 861-867.
C o r r a l M M , R o d r i g u ez S y C a d ave i r a F ( 19 9 9 ) : Neuropsychological characteristics in children of alcoholics: familial density. Journal of Studies on Alcohol,60 : 509-13.
Corral MM, Rodríguez, S y Cadaveira F (2002): Perfil neuropsicológico de alcohólicos con alta densidad familiar de alcoholismo tras abstinencia prolongada: h all azg o s p relimin ares . R evista Es p a ño l a d e drogodependencias, 27: 148-158.
Cutting J (1978): Specific psychological deficits in alcoholism. British Journal of Psychiatry,133:119-122.
Deckel AW, Hesselbrock V y Basuer L (1996): Antisocial personality disorder, childhood delinquency, and frontal brain functioning: EEG and neuropsychological findings. Journal of Clinical Psychology,52: 639-50.
Díaz, RM, Gual, A, Serrano, l, Costa, S, Ferri, MJ y Grau, C (2001): Programa ALFIL: evaluación de marcadores de riesgo e intervención preventiva en hijos de alcohólicos. Adicciones,13: 39-49.
Díaz R, Polo MD, Escera C, Sánchez-Turet M, y Grau C (1999): Marcadores neurogenéticos de riesgo para el alcoholismo. En M. Sanchez-Turet (Ed.): Enfermedades y problemas relacionados con el alcohol. Barcelona. Ediciones ESPAX.
Eckardt MJ, Stapleton JM, Rawlings RR, Davis EZ y Grodin DM (1995): Neuropsychological functioning in detoxified alcoholics between 18 and 35 years of age. American Journal of Psychiatry,152:53-59.
Fassino S, Piero A, Daga GA, Leombruni P, Mortara P y Rovera GG (2002): Attentional biases and frontal functioning in anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31:274-83.
Fein G, Bachman L, Fisher S y Davenport L (1990): Cognitive impairments in abstinent alcoholics. Addiction Medicine, 152: 531-537.
Fernández-Espejo (2002): Bases neurobiológicas de la drogadicción. Revista de Neurología,34: 659-64.
Giancola PR, Zeichner A, Yarnell JE y Dickson KE (1996): Relation between executive cognitive functioning and the adverse consequences of alcohol use in social drinkers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 20 :1094-1098.
Giancola PR y Moss HB (1998): Executive cognitive functioning
in alcohol use disorders. Recent developments in alcoholism,vol.14: The consecuences of alcoholism, New York. Plenun Press.
Giancola PR y Parker AM (2001): A six year prospective study of pathways toward drug use in adolescent boys with and without a family history of a substance use disorder. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62:166-78.
Goldman-Rakic PS (1984): The frontal lobes: uncharted provinces
of the brain. TINS, 7:425-9.
Goldstein G y Shelly C,(1982): Neuropsychological investigation
of brain lesion localisation in alcoholism. En H Begleiter y B Kissin (Eds.): International Symposium on biological Research in alcoholism, New York. Plenum Press.
Gómez Bosque P (1992): Memoria y cerebro. En D Barcia Salorio: Trastornos de la memoria. Barcelona. MCR.
Graham FK y Kendall BS, (1960): Memory-For-Designs-Test: Revised General Manual(Monograph). Perceptual and Motor Skills,11:147-188.
Head D, Bolton D y Hymas N (1989): Deficits in cognitive shifting ability in patients with OCD. Biological Psychiatry, 25: 929-37.
Heaton RK, Chelune CJ, Talley JL, Kay GG y Curtiss G (1993): Wisconsin Card Shorting Test. Odessa FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. (Edición Española. TEA.1997)
Hightower MG y Anderson RP (1986): Memory evaluation of alcoholics with Russell’s revised wechsler memory Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology,42: 1000-1005.
Hill SY (1980): Comprehensive assessment of brain dysfunction in alcoholic individuals. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 62: 57-75.
Ihara H, Berrios GE y London M (2000): Group and case study of the dysexecutive syndrome in alcoholism without amnesia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 68 : 731-737.
Iruarrizaga I, Miguel-Tobal JJ, Cano A (2001): Alteraciones neuropsicológicas del alcoholismo crónico. Un apoyo a la hipótesis del continuo. Psicothema,13: 571-580.
Jones B y Parsons OA (1971): Impaired abstracting ability in
chronic alcoholics. Archives of General Psychiatry,24 : 71-75.
Kapur N y Butters N (1977): Visuoperceptive deficts in long term alcoholics and alcoholics with Koooorsakoff’s psychosis. Journal of Studies on Alcohol,38 : 2025-2035.
Knight RG y Longmore BE (1994): Clinical Neuropsychology of Alcoholism. LEA. Hove.
Krabbendam L, Visser PJ, Derix MM, Verhey F, Hofman P, Verhoe W, Tuinier S y Jolles J (2000): Normal cognitive performance in patients with chronic alcoholism in contrast to patients with korsakoff´s syndrome. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 12: 44-50.
Leber WR, Jenkins RL y Parsons OA (1981): Recovery of visual spatial learning and memory in chronic alcoholics. Journal of Clinical Psychology,37, 192-197.
Lezak MD (1982): The problem of assesing executive functions. International Journal of Psychology,17: 281-97.
Lezak MD (1987): Relationship between personality disorders, social disturbances and physical disability following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation,2: 57-69.
Long JA y McLachlan JF (1974): Abstract reasonig and perceptual
motor efficiency in alcoholics. Impairmente and reversibility. Quaterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 35:1220-29.
Mann K, Günter A, Setter F y Ackerman K (1999): Rapid recovery from cognitive deficits in abstinent alcoholics: a controlled test-retest study. Alcohol and alcoholism, 34: 567-574.
McCrady BS y Smith DE (1986): Implications of cognitive impairment for the treatment of alcoholism. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 10 :145-9.
Moshely HF, Georgiou G y Kahn A (2001): Frontal lobe changes
in alcoholism: a review of the literature. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 36 : 357-68.
Nixon SJ y Bowlby D (1996): Evidence of alcohol-related efficiency deficits in an episodic learning task. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 20 : 21-4.
Nixon SJ, Kujawski A, Parsons OA y Yohman JR (1987): Semantic (verbal) and figural memory impairment in alcoholics. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 9 : 311-322.
Nöel X, Van der Linden M, Schmidt N, Sferraza R, Hanak C, Le Bon O, De Mol J, Kornreich Ch, Pelc I y Verbank P (2001): Supervisory Attentional System in nonamnesic alcoholic men. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58: 1152-1158.
Oscar-Berman M y Ellis RJ (1987): Cognitive deficits related to memory impairments in alcoholism. En M Galanter (Eds.): Recent developments in alcoholism. New York. Plenun Press.
Parsons OA (1987): Neuropsychological consequences of alcohol abuse: many questions, some answers. En O Parsons, N Butters, P Nathan, (Eds.): Neuropsychology of Alcoholism: Implications for Diagnoses and Treatment, 153-173. New York. Guildford Press.
Pelegrín C y Tirapu J (1995): Neuropsiquiatría del daño prefrontal
traumático. Monografías de Psiquiatría,7:11-21.
Query WT y Berger RA (1980): AVLT memory scores as a function of age among general medical, neurologic and alcoholic patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36 :1009-1012.
Ratti MT, Bo P, Giardini A y Soragna D, (2002): Chronic alcoholism and the frontal lobe: which executive functions are impaired? Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 105, 276.
Ratti MT, Soragna D, Sibilla L, Giardini A, Albergati A, Savoldi F y Bo P: Cognitive impairment and cerebral atrophy in “heavy drinkers”. Pro Neuropsychopharmacol biol Psychiatry, 23: 243-58.
Riege WH, Tomaszewewski R, Lanto A y Metter EJ (1984): Age and alcoholism: Independent memory decrements. Alcoholism: Clinical and experimental Research,8 : 42-47.
Rusell EW (1975): A multiple scoring method for the assessment of complex memory functions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43: 800-809.
Ryan C y Butters N, (1980): Further evidence for a continuum of impairment encompassing male alcoholic korsakoff patients and chronic alcoholic men. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research,4: 190-198.
Shallice T (1988): From neuropsychology to mental structure.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sher KJ (1991): Children of alcoholics. Acritical appraisal of theory and research. Chicago and London. University of Chicago Press.
Smith MA, Burt DW y Chapman RF (1973): Intelligence and brain damage in alcoholics. A study in patients of middle and upper social class. Quaterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 34: 414-422.
Squire LR (1975): Short term memory as a biological entity. En: Short term memory. New York Academic Press. Squire LR y Butters N.(1992): Neuropsychology of memory.(2ª ed) New York. Guildford Press.
Sullivan EV, Fama R, Rosenbloom MJ y Pfefferbaum A (2002): A profile of neuropsychological deficits in alcoholic women. Neuropsychology, 16: 74-83.
Sullivan EV, Mathalon DH, Zipursky RB, Kersteen-Tucker Z, Knight RT y Pfefferbaum A (1993): Factors of the Winsconsin Card Sorting Test as measures of frontal lobe function in schizoprenia and in chronic alcoholism. Psychiatry Research, 46:175-199.
Sullivan EV, Rosenbloom MJ y Pfefferbaum A (2000 ): Pattern of motor and cognitive deficits in detoxified alcoholic men. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24: 611-621.
Tapert SF, Baratta MV, Abrantes AM y Brown SA (2002): Attention dysfunction predicts substance involvement in community youths. Journal of American Academic Children and Adolescent Psychiatry,41: 680-686.
Tarquini D y Masullo C (1981):Cognitive impairments and chronic alcohol abuse: A neuropsychological study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 8: 103-109.
Tarter RE (1975): Brain damage associated with chronic alcoholics, Disease of Nervous System,36 : 185-87.
Tarter RE (1976 ): Neuropsychological investigations of alcoholism. En: G Goldstein, C Neuringer ( Eds.): Empirical Studies of alcoholism: 231-256. Cambridge, Mass.Ballinger.
Tirapu Ustárroz J, Casi Arbonies A y Ugarteburu I, (1997): Aplicación de las técnicas de modificación de conducta al daño cerebral. En C Pelegrín, JM Muñoz Céspedes, JI Quemada (Eds.): Neuropsiquiatría del daño cerebral traumático. Aspectos clínicos y terapéuticos. Barcelona. Prous Science.
Tirapu Ustárroz J, Muñoz Céspedes JM y Pelegrín Valero C (2002): Funciones ejecutivas: necesidad de una integración conceptual. Revista de Neurología,34:673-85.
Tuck RR, Jackson M, (1991): Social, neurological and cognitive disorders in alcoholics. Medical Journal of Australia, 155: 225-9.
Tulving E, (1972): Episodic and semantic memory. En E Tulving y W Donaldson (Eds.): Organization of memory. Nueva York: Academic Press.
Tulving E, (1993): Varieties of consciusness and levels of awareness in memory. En A Baddeley y L Weiskrantz (Eds.): Attention: Selection, awareness and control. Atribute to Donald Broadbent. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
Vallar G: Neuropsychological disorders of memory. En G Denes, L Pizzamiglio (Eds.): Handbook of clinical and experimental neuropsychology. UK. Psychology Press. Taylor & Francis.
Walker K (1976): Memory. En: Clinical methods. The history of the physical and laboratoty examination. Butterworth, Boston.
Wilkinson DA , Carlen PL (1980) : Chronic organic brain Syndromes associated with alcoholism: Neuropsychological and other aspects. En Research Advances in alcohol and Drug Problems. Vol.6: 107-145.
Plenun Press.
Yohman JR, Parsons OA, (1985): intact verbal pairedassociate learning in alcoholics. Journal of Clinical Psychology,41: 844-851.
Zola S (1997): Amnesia: neuroanatomic and clinical aspects. En: T Feimberg, MJ Farah (Eds.): Behavioral neurologic and neuropsicologic. New York. Mc Graw Hill.