Causas principales de muerte entre 2.708 heroinómanos del noreste italiano (1985-1998)

G Quaglio, G Talamini, F Lugoboni, A Lechi, L Venturini, GICS GICS, P Mezzelani

Resumen


Objetivos. Establecer las causas de la muerte acaecidas entre 1985 y 1998 en un numeroso grupo de usuarios de droga por vía intravenosa (ADVP)] acogidos en 36 Servicios Públicos para Toxicomanías (Ser T) del noroeste italiano. Métodos. Estudio realizado sobre datos recogidos en los archivos de los Ser. T y del Registro Municipal de cada una de las ULSS estudiadas. Individuos implicados. Todos los ADVP que hayan pasado por lo menos una vez por uno de los 36 Ser.T. incluidos en el estudio. Resultados. El estudio analizó las causas de la muerte de 2708 individuos. La primera causa de muerte es la sobredosis (37%), seguida del SIDA (32.5%) y de los accidentes de tráfico (9.4%). El porcentaje de muertes causadas por el SIDA aumentó progresivamente, pasando de un 2.7% en 1985 a un 42.2% en 1996, reduciéndose después al 16.9% en 1998. El porcentaje de fallecimientos por sobredosis se mantuvo prácticamente constante durante todo el tiempo. La edad media de la muerte aumentó, pasando de 26 años a mediados de los años 80 a 34 años en 1998. La tasa de mortalidad entre ADVP es 13 veces mayor que en el conjunto de la población (95%, CI 11.3-14.6). En el conjunto de la población el porcentaje de fallecimientos en edades comprendidas entre los 15 y los 34 años atribuida al uso de opiáceos era en 1991 (año del último censo) del 16%. La prevalencia del VIH no resultó estadísticamente significativa en las causas de muerte por suicidio o sobredosis. Conclusiones. Se comprobó que la tasa de mortalidad era 13 veces superior a la de la población general. Se demostró la importancia del sexo femenino y el drop out de los tratamientos (al margen del tipo de tratamiento en cuestión) como factores de riesgo de sobredosis. La paulatina disminución de muertes por SIDA destaca la importancia de los tratamientos preventivos y terapéuticos adecuados contra la infección de VHC. Las medidas que se adopten en el campo de las drogodependencias, tanto en el ámbito de la política como en la investigación y la formación, deben tener presente el dramáticamente elevado porcentaje de individuos que mueren por consumo de heroína.


Palabras clave


heroinómanos; mortalidad; Sida; sobredosis; estudio retrospectivo

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Referencias


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.491

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