Prevención familiar del consumo de drogas en Europa: una revisión crítica de los programas contenidos en EDDRA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.50Palabras clave:
prevención, familia, europa, revisión, EDDRAResumen
En la adolescencia temprana, la familia es uno de los principales agentes de riesgo/protección del inicio del consumo de drogas. Su influencia en laadquisición de hábitos de salud le convierte en diana preferente de intervenciones preventivas. El objetivo es realizar un análisis comparado de los programas de prevención familiar europeos. Se analizaron 85 programas de prevención familiar contenidos en la base de datos EDDRA (Exchange on Drug Demand Reduction Action), perteneciente al Observatorio Europeo de las Drogas y Toxicomanías. Fueron analizados todos los programas incluidos en la base, que abarca el periodo 1998-2011. El 53% de los programas proceden de sólo 4 países (España, Alemania, Portugal e Irlanda). El 89% son inespecíficos o de promoción de la salud. Proporcionar información sobre drogas es el principal objetivo que persiguen los programas. Algo más de la mitad de los programas (59.7%) informan haber realizado evaluación de resultados. El 70.59% de los programas no plantea entre sus objetivos ninguno de los factores de riesgo propuestos en las principales teorías. A pesar del sólido marco teórico y de la evidencia empírica sobre los factores de riesgo familiares, los programas de prevención presentan una gran dispersión en sus objetivos, técnicas y componentes. El grado de adecuación a las teorías es muy bajo y la evaluación sigue siendo la asignatura pendiente. Se plantean críticas sobre el funcionamiento de la base EDDRA.Citas
Bauman, K. E., Carver, K. y Gleiter, K. (2001). Trends in parent and friend
influence during adolescence: the case of adolescent cigarette smoking. Addictive Behaviours, 26, 349-361. Doi: 10.1016/S0306-4603(00)00110-6
Becoña, E. (1999). Bases teóricas que sustentan los programas de prevención de drogas. Madrid: Plan Nacional sobre Drogas.
Becoña, E. (2002) Factores de riesgo y protección familiar para el uso de drogas. En J. R. Fernández-Hermida y R. Secades-Villa (Eds.),Intervención familiar en la prevención de las drogodependencias. Madrid: Plan Nacional sobre Drogas.
Becoña, E., Martínez, U., Calafat, A., Juan, M., Duch, M.A. y Fernández-
Hermida, J. R. (2012). ¿Cómo influye la desorganización familiar en el
consumo de drogas de los hijos? Una revisión. Adicciones, 24, 253-268.
Bricker, J. B., Peterson, A. V.Jr., Sarason, I. G., Andersen, M. R. y Rajan, K.B.(2007). Changes in the influence of parents’ and close friends’
smoking on adolescent smoking transitions. Addictive Behaviours, 32,
-757. Doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.06.020
Brotherhood, A. y Sumnall, H. (2011) European drug prevention quality
standards. A manual for prevention professionals. Lisbon: European Monitoring Center for Drug and Drug Addiction.
Brook, J. S., Balka, E. B., Crossman, A. M., Dermatis, H., Galanter, M. y Brook,D. W. (2010). The relationship between parental alcohol use, early and late adolescent alcohol use, and young adult psychological symptoms:
A longitudinal study. American Journal on Addictions, 19, 534-542.
Doi: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00083.x
Catalano, R. F. y Hawkins, J. D. (1996). The social development model: A
theory of antisocial behavior. En J. D. Hawkins (ed), Delinquency and Crime: Current Theories. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cottrell, L., Li, X., Harris, C., D’Alessandri, D., Atkins, M., Richardson, B. y
Stanton, B. (2003). Parent and adolescent perceptions of parental monitoring and adolescent risk involvement. Parenting: Science &
Practice, 3, 179-195.
Demant, J. y Ravn, S. (2013). Communicating trust between parents and their children: A case study of adolescents’ alcohol use in Denmark. Journal of Adolescent Research, 28, 325-347. Doi: 10.1177/0743558413477198
de Vries, H., Engels, R., Kremers, S., Wetzels, J. y Mudde, A. (2003). Parents’ and friends’ smoking status as predictors of smoking onset: findings from six European countries. Health Education Research, 18, 627-636. Doi: 10.1093/her/cyg032
DiClemente, R. J., Wingood, G. M., Crosby, R., Sionean, C., Cobb, B. K.
y Harrington, K.(2001). Parental monitoring: Association with adolescents’ risk behaviors. Pediatrics, 107, 1363-1368. Doi: 10.1542/peds.107.6.1363
Ellickson, P. L., Tucker, J. S., Klein, D. J. y Saner, H. (2004). Antecedents and outcomes of marijuana use initiation during adolescence. Preventive
Medicine, 39, 976- 984. Doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.013 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2010).
Prevention and Evaluation Resources Kit (PERK). Lisboa: Author.
Espada, J. P. y Méndez, F. X. (2002). Intervención familiar en la prevención
del abuso de drogas. En J. R. Fernández-Hermida y R. Secades-Villa
(Eds.), Intervención familiar en la prevención del abuso de drogas.
Madrid: Plan Nacional sobre Drogas.
Farrington, D. P. y Hawkins, J. D. (1991). Predicting participation, early onset, and later persistence in officially recorded offending. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health 1,1-33.
Foxcroft, D. y Lowe, G. (1997). Adolescents’ alcohol use and misuse:
the socializing influence of perceived family life. Drugs: education,
prevention and policy, 4, 215- 229.
Foxcroft, D. y Tsertsvadze, A. (2011). Universal family-based prevention
programs for alcohol misuse in young people (Review). The Cochrane
Library, 9. Wiley & Sons.
Hawkins, J. D. y Weis, J. G. (1985). The social development model: An
integrated approach to delinquency prevention. Journal of Primary Prevention, 6, 73-97.
Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F. y Miller, J. L. (1992). Risk and protective
factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early
adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological
Bulletin, 112, 64-105.
Hibell, B., Guttormsson, U., Ahlström, S., Balakireva, O., Bjarnason, T., Kokkevi, A. y Kraus L. (2012). The 2011 ESPAD Report. The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and other Drugs (CAN). Stockholm: ESPAD.
Horgan, J. (2011). Parental Substance Misuse: Addressing its Impact on Children A Review of the Literature. Dublin: National Advisory Committee on Drugs.
Jimenez Iglesias, A. (2009). El significado de la monitorización familiar en el desarrollo adolescente (consumo de sustancias y bienestar psicológico). Madrid: Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Familia (CIFAM).
Kandel, D. B. (1980). Developmental stages in adolescent drug involvement.
En D. J. Lettieri, M. Sayers y H. W. Pearson (Eds.), Theories on drug
abuse. Selected contemporary perspectives (pp. 120-127). Rockville,
MD: NIDA Research Monograph, 30.
Kandel, D. B. y Davies, M. (1992). Progression to regular marijuana
involvement: Phenomenology and risk factors for near-daily use. En M.
Glantz y R. Pickens (Eds.), Vulnerability to drug abuse (pp. 211-253).
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Kaplow, J. B., Curran, P. J. y Dodge, K. A. (2002). Child, Parent, and Peer
Predictors of Early-Onset Substance Use: A Multisite Longitudinal Study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 199-216. Doi: 10.1023/A:1015183927979
Kristjansson, A. L., Sigfusdottir, I. D., James, J. E., Allegrante, J. P. y Helgason, A. R. (2010). Perceived parental reactions and peer respect as predictors of adolescent cigarette smoking and alcohol use. Addictive Behaviours, 35, 256-259. Doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.10.002
Lam, C. B., Solmeyer, A. R. y McHale, S. M. (2012). Sibling differences in
parent–child conflict and risky behavior: A three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 26, 523-531. Doi: 10.1037/a0029083
Leukefeld, C. G. y Bukoski, W. J. (1991). An Introduction to Drug Abuse
Prevention Intervention Research: Methodological Issues. En C. G.
Leukefeld, y W. J. Bukoski (Eds.), Drug Abuse Prevention Intervention
Research: Methodological Issues. NIDA Research Monograph, 107.
Rockville: NIDA.
Lloret, D., Segura, M. y Carratalá, E. (2008). Relaciones y reacciones
familiares y consumo de alcohol y tabaco en adolescentes en población
rural. Health and Addictions, 8, 119-135.
Lloyd, Ch., Wollny, I., White, C., Gowland, S. y Purdon, S. (2011). Monitoring and evaluation of family intervention services and projects between February 2007 and March 2011. Research Report Department for
Education FE-RR174. London: U.K. Government.
Maccoby, E. E. (1992). The role of parents in the socialization of children: An historic overview. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1006-1017.
Maccoby, E. E. y Martin, J. A. (1983). Socializations in the contexts of the
family: Parent child interactions. En P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook
of child psychology. Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social
development. Nueva York: Wiley.
Mott, J. A., Crowe, P. A., Richardson, J. y Flay, B. (1999). After-school
supervision and adolescent cigarette smoking: Contributions of the setting and intensity of after-school self-care. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 35-58. Doi: 10.1023/A:1018747602026
Mrazek, P. J. y Haggerty, R. J. (Ed). (1994). Reducing risks for mental
disorders: Frontiers for preventive intervention research. Institute of
Medicine. Washington DC: National Academy.
Muñoz-Rivas, M. J., Graña, J. L. y Cruzado, J. A. (2000). Factores de riesgo
en drogodependencias: Consumo de drogas en adolescentes. Madrid:
Sociedad Española de Psicología Clínica, Legal y Forense.
Mullineaux, P. Y., Deater-Deckard, K., Petrill, S. A., y Thompson, L. A. (2009). Parenting and child behaviour problems: A longitudinal analysis of
non-shared environment. Infant and Child Development, 18, 133–148.
doi:10.1002/icd.593
Oetting, E. R. y Donnermeyer, J. F. (1998). Primary socialization theory: The etiology of drug use and deviance I. Substance Use & Misuse, 33, 995-
Oetting, E. R., Deffenbacher, J. L. y Donnermeyer, J. F. (1998a). Primary
socialization theory: The role played by personal traits in the etiology of drug use and deviance. II. Substance Use & Misuse, 33, 1337-1366.
Oetting, E. R., Donnermeyer, J. F. y Deffenbacher, J. L. (1998b). Primary
socialization theory: The influence of the community on drug use and
deviance. III. Substance Use & Misuse, 33, 1629-1665.
Oetting, E. R., Donnermeyer, J. F., Trimble, J. E. y Beauvais, F. (1998c). Primary socialization theory: Culture, ethnicity, and cultural identification. The links between culture and substance use. IV. Substance Use & Misuse,
, 2075- 2107.
Patterson, G.R. (1979). A performance theory for coercive family interactions. En R. Cairns (Ed.), Social Interaction: Methods, Analysis,
and Illustration (pp. 119-162). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive Family Process. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
Patterson, G. R. y Dishion, T. J. (1985). Contributions of families and peers to delinquency. Criminology, 23, 63–79.
Paxton, R. J., Valois, R. F. y Drane, J. W. (2007). Is there a relationship
between family structure and substance use among public middle school students? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16, 593-605. Doi:
1007/s10826-006-9109-y
Peterson, P. L., Hawkins, J. D. y Catalano, R. F. (1992).. Evaluating
comprensive community drug risk reduction interventions. Design challenges and recommenations. Evaluation Review, 16, 579-602.
Smit, E., Verdurmen, J., Monshouwer, K. y Smit, F. (2008). Family interventions and their effect on adolescent alcohol use in general populations: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 97, 195-206. Doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.032
Stanton, M. D., Todd, T. C., Heard, D. B., Kirschner, S., Kleiman, J. I., Mowatt, D. T. y Riley, P. (1978). Heroin addiction as a family phenomenon: A new conceptual model. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 5, 125-150.
Stanton, M. D. (1979). Drugs and the family. Marriage and Family Review,
, 1-10.
Stanton, M. D. (1980). Aspects of the family and drug abuse. En: Ellis, B.
(Ed.), Drug Abuse from the Family Perspective: Coping Is a Family Affair. Rockville, MD.: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Stanton, M. D. y Shadish, W. (1997). Outcome, attrition, and family couples
treatment of drug abuse: A meta-analysis and review of the controlled,
comparative studies. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 170-191.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. UNDOC (2010). Compilation of Evidence-Based Family Skills Training Programmes. New York; NY:
UNDOC.
Vermeulen-Smit, E. , Koning, I.M., Verdurmen, J.E.E., Van der Vorst, H.,
Engels, R.C.M.E. y Vollebergh, W.A.M. (2012). The influence of paternal
and maternal drinking patterns within two-partner families on the
initiation and development of adolescent drinking. Addictive Behaviors,
, 1248-1256. Doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.06.005
Wagner, K. D., Ritt-Olson, A., Chou, C.-P., Pokhrel, P., Duan, L., Baezconde-Garbanati, L. y Soto, D. W. (2010). Associations between family
structure, family functioning, and substance use among hispanic/latino adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24, 98-108. Doi:
1037/a0018497
Webb, J. A., Bray, J. H., Getz, J. G. y Adams, G. (2002). Gender, perceived
parental monitoring, and behavioral adjustment: Influences on adolescent alcohol use. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72 (3), 392-400. Doi: 10.1037/0002-9432.72.3.392
Wen, C. P., Tsai, S. P., Cheng, T. Y., Hsu, C. C., Chen, T. y Lin, H. S. (2005). Role of parents and peers in influencing the smoking status of high
school students in Taiwan. Tobacco Control, 14, i10–i15. Doi: 10.1136/
tc.2003.005637.
