Efectividad de las técnicas de consejo breve

Alicia Rodríguez-Martos Dauer

Resumen


En los últimos 20 años se ha investigado extensamente la eficacia de las intervenciones breves, denominación que designa una serie de intervenciones marginales con respecto a los programas terapéuticos tradicionales y que se caracterizan por su brevedad y concisión. Más de 40 estudios y diversos metaanálisis avalan la eficacia de estas intervenciones, cuya rentabilidad superaría a cualquier otra intervención en el medio inespecífico. Aunque su efectividad (resultados en condiciones naturales) y generalización no son tan evidentes como su eficacia en condiciones experimentales, su potencial repercusión sobre la Salud Pública hace que profesionales y autoridades sanitarias se esfuercen en su difusión y promoción. Pero, ¿nos hallamos ante una panacea? La diversidad de intervenciones agrupadas bajo el común denominador de intervenciones breves y la disparidad de estudios, a menudo difícilmente comparables, obligan a una revisión crítica que cuestione también su validez. Se concluye que la intervención breve es en conjunto eficaz, efectiva y eficiente, sobre todo en Atención Primaria de Salud, aunque no todas las intervenciones son igualmente eficaces. La ampliación del espectro terapéutico, aplicando intervenciones más sencillas a los bebedores de riesgo, no debería hacerse en detrimento de recursos específicos más complejos para los alcohol-dependientes. Por lo que respecta a la intervención breve propiamente dicha, debe seguirse investigando su aplicación óptima: qué ingredientes, duración y extensión, en qué medio, a cargo de qué profesional, para qué paciente.


Palabras clave


intervención breve; eficacia; efectividad; eficiencia; validez

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Referencias


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.532

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