Consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en la adolescencia. Análisis de los estudios de cohorte

S. Ledoux, A. Sizaret, C. Hassler, M. Choquet

Resumen


Objetivo: Establecer un repertorio de los estudios longitudinales sobre el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas entre los adolescentes y realizar una síntesis de los métodos utilizados y de los resultados obtenidos.

Métodos: Se siguieron dos estrategias de investigación documental: investigación bibliográfica retrospectiva y vigilancia bibliográfica mediante la interrogación de bases de datos a través de palabras clave, títulos, nombres de autor.

Resultados: Se llegaron a identificar 69 estudios, la mayoría de ellos realizados entre la población escolar. Los porcentajes de atrición, instrumentos y factores de riesgo analizados varían enormemente de un estudio a otro. Los resultados confirman la naturaleza predictiva de factores como la calidad de las relaciones interpersonales, la personalidad, los antecedentes de problemas psicopatológicos, el consumo de padres y de compañeros, en la utilización de las sustancias psicoactivas. Sin embargo, los modelos multifactoriales utilizados muestran que el impacto de esos factores varía ligeramente, dependiendo de las sustancias tomadas en consideración y del momento exacto del proceso (iniciación, consumo habitual, abuso).

Conclusión: Ciertas líneas de investigación requieren seguir profundizando en su estudio: los factores específicos de un consumo precoz, los factores de protección y la evolución del consumo en la edad adulta. 


Palabras clave


análisis; adolescencia; longitudinal; sustancias psicoactivas; alcohol; tabaco; cannabis.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.639

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