Problem video game playing is related to emotional distress in adolescents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.745Keywords:
video game, anxiety, depression, adolescents, problem video game playingAbstract
Problem use of video games is an increasing risk behaviour. High exposure of adolescents to video games has been linked to a variety of disorders, but the relationship between problem video game playing and emotional welfare is unknown. The aim of the study is to analyse problem video game playing in a sample of adolescents and to determine whether there are differences between online and offline players, in addition to examining its relationship with anxiety and depressive symptomatology. A sample of adolescents (N = 380) completed self-reports measuring video game use and symptoms of anxiety and depression. We found that 7.4% of females and 30% of males can be considered as playing at problem levels. Online players were almost 12 times more likely to play at high frequency than offline players (χ2 (1, 267) = 72.72, p < .001, OR = 11.63, 95% CI [6.31, 21.43]). Males play more frequently, and play more online (χ2 (1, 267) = 50.85, p < .001, OR = 6.74, 95% CI [3.90, 11.64]), with a clear relationship between problem video game playing and anxiety (r = .24; p < .001). In females, there is a relationship between problem video game playing and depression (r = .19; p < .05). Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the psychological variables involved in problem video game playing. The implementation of strategies is suggested in order to prevent pathological gaming and associated problems.References
Adiele, I. y Olatokun, W. (2014). Prevalence and determinants of Internet addiction among adolescents. Computers in Human Behaviour, 31, 100-110. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.028.
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth Edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fifth Edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
Arab, E., Sommer, K., Herskovic, V., Sommer, S., Sandoval, C. y Poblete, C. (2007). Evaluación del uso del video juego en escolares de la Región Metropolitana. Revista Chilena de Psiquiatría y Neurología de la Infancia y la Adolescencia, 18, 7-11.
Beltrán, V. J., Beltrán, J. I., Moreno, J. A., Cervelló, E. y Montero, C. (2012). El uso de videojuegos activos entre los adolescentes. CCD. Cultura_Ciencia_Deporte, 7, 19-24. doi:10.12800/ccd.v7i19.20.
Beranuy, M., Chamarro, A., Graner, C. y Carbonell, X. (2009). Validación de dos escalas breves para evaluar la adicción a Internet y el abuso de móvil. Psicothema, 21, 480-485.
Blanco, P., González, M. y Martos, C. (2015). El juego como adicción social: crónica de una patología anunciada. Alternativas: Cuadernos de Trabajo Social, 22, 9-22.
Buil, P., Moratilla, M. J. S. y Ruiz, P. G. (2015). La regulación publicitaria de los juegos de azar online en España. Una reflexión sobre la protección del menor. Adicciones, 27, 198-204.
Caplan, S., Williams, D. y Yee, N. (2010). Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being among MMO players. Computers in Human Behaviour, 25, 1312–1319.
Chamarro, A., Carbonell, X., Manresa, J. M., Muñoz-Miralles, R., Ortega-González, R., López-Morron, M. R., … Toran-Montserrat, P. (2014). El Cuestionario de Experiencias Relacionadas con los Videojuegos (CERV): Un instrumento para detectar el uso problemático de videojuegos en adolescentes españoles. Adicciones, 26, 303-311.
Chóliz, M. y Marco, C. (2011). Patrón de uso y dependencia de videojuegos en infancia y adolescencia. Anales de Psicología, 27, 418-426.
Dickerman, C., Christensen, J. y Kerl-McClain, S. B. (2008). Big breasts and bad guys: Depictions of gender and race in video games. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 3, 20-29. doi:10.1080/15401380801995076.
Estévez, A., Herrero, D., Sarabia, I. y Jáuregui, P. (2014). Mediating role of emotional regulation between impulsive behaviour in gambling, Internet and videogame abuse, and dysfunctional symptomatology in young adults and adolescents. Adicciones, 26, 282-290.
Fritz, C. O., Morris, P. E. y Richler, J. J. (2012). Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 2-18. doi:10.1037/a0024338.
Goldberg, D., Bridges, K., Duncan-Jones, P. y Grayson, D. (1988). Detecting anxiety and depression in general medical settings. British Medical Journal, 297, 897-899. doi:10.1136/bmj.297.6653.897.
Gyollai, A. D., Griffiths, M., Barta, C., Vereczkei, A., Urban, R., Kun, B., … Demetrovics, Z. (2014). The genetics of problem and pathological gambling: a systematic review. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20, 3993-3999. doi: 10.2174/13816128113199990626.
Haagsma, M. C., Caplan, S. E., Peters, O. y Pieterse, M. E. (2013). A cognitive-behavioural model of problematic online gaming in adolescents aged 12-22 years. Computers in Human Behaviour, 29, 202-209. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.08.006.
Kowert, R. y Oldmeadow, J. A. (2013). Social reputation: Exploring the relationship between online video game involvement and social competence. Computers in Human Behaviour, 29, 1872–1878. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.03.003.
Labrador, F. J. y Villadangos, S. M. (2010). Menores y nuevas tecnologías: conductas indicadoras de posible problema de adicción. Psicothema, 22, 180-188.
Lafrenière, M. C., Vallerand, R. J., Donahue, E. G. y Lavigne, G. L. (2009). On the costs and benefits of gaming: the role of passion. CyberPsychology & Behaviour, 12, 285-290. doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0234.
Lee, D. y LaRose, R. (2007). A socio-cognitive model of video game usage. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 51, 632-650. doi:10.1080/08838150701626511.
López-Fernández, O., Honrubia-Serrano, L. M., Baguley, T. y Griffiths, M. D. (2014). Pathological video game playing in Spanish and British adolescents: Towards the exploration of Internet Gaming Disorder symptomatology. Computers in Human Behaviour, 41, 304-312. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.011.
Lorenci, M. (2012). Anuario SGAE de las Artes Escénicas, musicales y audiovisuales. Fundación Autor: Madrid.
Martínez, P., Betancourt, D. y González, A. (2013). Uso de videojuegos, agresión, sintomatología depresiva y violencia intrafamiliar en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Sociales, 4, 167-180.
Mehroof, M. y Griffiths, M. D. (2010). Online gaming addiction: the role of sensation seeking, self-control, neuroticism, aggression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behaviour, and Social Networking, 13, 313-316. doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0229.
Mentzoni, R. A., Brunborg, G. S., Molde, H., Myrseth, H., Skouveroe, K. J. M., Hetland, J. y Pallesen, S. (2011). Problematic video game use: estimated prevalence and associations with mental and physical health. Cyberpsychology, Behaviour, and Social Networking, 14, 591-596. doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0260.
Muñoz-Rivas, M. J., Fernández, L. y Gámez-Guadix, M. (2010). Analysis of the indicators of pathological Internet use in Spanish university students. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13, 131-137. doi:10.1017/s1138741600002365.
Muros, B., Aragón, Y. y Bustos, A. (2013). La ocupación del tiempo libre de jóvenes en el uso de videojuegos y redes. Comunicar, 20, 31-39. doi:10.3916/c40-2013-02-03.
Ng, B. D. y Wiemer-Hastings, P. (2005). Addiction to the internet and online gaming. Cyberpsychology & Behaviour, 8, 110-113. doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.110.
Oliva, A. (2012). Uso y riesgo de adicciones a las nuevas tecnologías entre adolescentes y jóvenes andaluces. Sevilla: Aguaclara.
Porter, G., Starcevic, V., Berle, D. y Fenech, P. (2010). Recognizing problem video game use. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 120–128.
Rosa-Alcázar, A. I., Parada-Navas, J. L. y Rosa-Alcázar, A. (2014). Síntomas psicopatológicos en adolescentes españoles: relación con los estilos parentales percibidos y la autoestima. Anales de Psicología, 30, 133-142. doi:10.6018/analesps.30.1.165371.
Schreiber, L. N., Grant, J. E. y Odlaug, B. L. (2012). Emotion regulation and impulsivity in young adults. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46, 651-658. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.02.005.
Shead, N., Callan, M. J. y Hodgins, D. C. (2008). Probability discounting among gamblers: Differences across problem gambling severity and affect-regulation expectancies. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 536-541. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.008.
Skrove, M., Romundstad, P. y Indredavik, M. S. (2013). Resilience, lifestyle and symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescence: the Young-HUNT study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48, 407-416. doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0561-2.
Tejeiro, R., Gómez-Vallecillo, J., Pelegrina, M., Wallace, A. y Emberley, E. (2012). Risk factors associated with the abuse of video games in adolescents. Psychology, 3, 310-314. doi:10.4236/psych.2012.34044.
Tejeiro, R. y Moran, R. B. (2002). Measuring video game pathological playing in adolescents. Addiction, 97, 1601-1606. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00218.x.
Tortolero, S. R., Peskin, M. F., Baumler, E. R., Cuccaro, P. M., Elliott, M. N., Davies, S. L., … Schuster, M. A. (2014). Daily violent video game playing and depression in preadolescent youth. Cyberpsychology, Behaviour, and Social Networking, 17, 609-615. doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0091.
Vázquez, M. E., Muñoz, M. F., Fierro, A., Alfaro, M., Rodríguez, L. y Bustamante, P. (2013). Estado de ánimo de los adolescentes y su relación con conductas de riesgo y otras variables. Revista Pediatría de Atención Primaria, 15, 219. doi:10.4321/s1139-76322013000400003.
