Neuroadaptaciones en los sistemas Glutamatérgico y Dopaminérgico durante la abstinencia de la cocaína Neuroadaptative changes in dopaminergic and glutamatergic receptor subtypesafter extinction of cocaine self-administration behavior

Autores/as

  • J.A. Crespo Universidad Nacional de educación a distancia (UNED). Ciudad Universitaria. 28040 Madrid.
  • S. Martín Universidad Nacional de educación a distancia (UNED). Ciudad Universitaria. 28040 Madrid.
  • E. Ambrosio Universidad Nacional de educación a distancia (UNED). Ciudad Universitaria. 28040 Madrid. Enviar correspondencia a: Emilio Ambrosio. Departamento de Psicología. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED). Ciudad Universitaria. 28040 Madrid. Fax: 91 398 62 87.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.578

Palabras clave:

autoadministración, extinción, cocaína, glutamato, dopamina, receptores, neuroadaptaciones, drogadicción, recaída self-administration behavior, extinction behavior, cocaine, glutamate, dopamine, receptors, neuroadaptative changes, drug abuse, relapse

Resumen

El fenómeno de las recaídas en la adicción a drogas tras un periodo de abstinencia mantenido sigue siendo uno de los retos más difíciles de resolver. La vuelta al consumo produce, entre otros efectos, un gran desconcierto en el ex-abstinente y desorientación y desmotivación en los profesionales y el entorno familiar. Los factores que pueden facilitar un proceso de recaída son múltiples pero, en general, se incluyen en dos grandes grupos: los exógenos (fácil acceso a la sustancia; pertenencia a determinados grupos sociales...etc) y los endógenos (disfunciones de sistemas de neurotransmisores; condicionamiento a estímulos externos, la personalidad del sujeto; el estado mental... etc). Siendo obvia la importancia de los factores exógenos, hay cada día mayor cantidad de trabajos en la literatura científica que resaltan la posible función de los factores endógenos. En este trabajo presentaremos datos que demuestran la existencia de neuroadapataciones en los sistemas glutamatérgico y dopaminérgico tras la extinción de la conducta de autoadministración de cocaína en diversas regiones cerebrales de roedores de laboratorio. Esas neuroadaptaciones son más permanentes y duraderas en el sistema dopaminérgico. Considerados globalmente, estos resultados sugieren que durante la abstinencia de psicoestimulantes pueden producirse neuroadaptaciones en distintos sistemas de neurotransmisores que pueden mantener el deseo por la droga, exacerbar la potencialidad de los estímulos condicionados, incrementar la ansiedad...etc, y favorecer, en definitiva, una mayor vulnerabilidad a la recaída.
There are different factors that could participate in relapse to drug addiction. These factors are characterized as exogenous and endogenous. It is clear that exogenous factors such as peer groups, poor socioeconomical level...etc, are relevant to induce relapse in drug addiction. However, the role of endogenous factors such as disregulation of neurotransmitter systems, subject’s personality....etc, are less understood. In this work we present data that suggest that, after extinction of cocaine self-administration in rats, there are neuroadaptative changes in dopaminergic and glutamatergic brain receptors in cerebral areas involved in cocaine reinforcing effects. These neuroadaptations are more permanent and long lasting in dopaminergic receptors compared to glutamatergic receptors. The results of this study suggest that specific neuroadaptative changes in glutamatergic and dopaminergic receptor systems might be involved in negative states of cocaine withdrawal and facilitate vulnerability to cocaine relapse.

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Publicado

2001-03-01

Número

Vol. 13 Núm. 1 (2001)

Sección

Originales