Consumo de alcohol, dependencia alcohólica, trastornos relacionados con el alcohol en España. Impacto de los tratamientos de la dependencia alcohólica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.67Palabras clave:
Alcohol, dependencia, mortalidad, tratamiento, EspañaResumen
El consumo de alcohol en España ha seguido tradicionalmente los patronesmediterráneos: consumo diario en las comidas, preferentemente cervezay comparativamente poco consumo dirigido a la intoxicación. La depen-dencia alcohólica (AD), una de las enfermedades más deteriorantes provo- cadas por el alcohol, tiene una prevalencia del 0.2% en mujeres y del 1.2% en hombres, lo que significa que unas 31,200 mujeres y 186,000 hombres en España padecían AD en 2005 en el grupo etario comprendido entre 15 y 64 años. Estas prevalencias son probablemente estimaciones a la baja, debidas básicamente a limitaciones en el World Mental Health Survey que no son susceptibles de ser corregidas. Sin embargo, dichas estimaciones son las mas actualizadas y fiables en la actualidad. El alcohol genera importantes costes para la salud en España: 11.3 muertes prematuras por 100.000 en mujeres entre 15 y 64 años, y 40.9 muertes prematuras por 100.000 hombres en el mismo grupo etario fueron debidas al consumo de alcohol (datos del 2004). Ello significa que el 8.4% de todas las muertes en mujeres y el 12.3% en varones de este grupo etario son atribuibles al alcohol. Un elevado porcentaje de estas muertes fueron debidas al consu- mo muy elevado de alcohol y a la AD. La AD está infratratada en España. Menos del 10% de los afectados por AD reciben tratamiento. Entre los que reciben tratamiento, la psicoterapia es el método mas utilizado para preve- nir recaídas. Si el 40% de pacientes AD en España siguieran tratamiento farmacológico (el tratamiento mas efectivo), 2.2% de las muertes provo- cadas por AD en mujeres y 6.2% en hombres, se podrían prevenir en un año. Así pues, incrementar las tasas de tratamiento puede ser un instru- mento eficaz para reducir los costes para la salud y la mortalidad atribui- bles al alcohol en España.Citas
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