Morbilidad psiquiátrica en consumidores de cocaína y heroína reclutados en la comunidad

Silvia Tortajada, Mª Jesús Herrero, Antònia Domingo-Salvany, Gemma Molist, Gregorio Barrio, Luís De La Fuente, Mª Teresa Brugal

Resumen


El consumo de drogas es un problema de salud pública. Entre los consumi- dores la presencia concomitante de trastornos mentales y abuso de sus- tancias son comunes. Este artículo examina los trastornos psiquiátricos que presentan jóvenes consumidores de cocaína y heroína, medidos con la World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI).
Se realizó una encuesta transversal de entrada a una cohorte de 1.266
jóvenes (18-30 años), consumidores regulares de cocaína y no heroína (705) y de 561 consumidores de heroína reclutados fuera de los servicios de salud en Barcelona, Madrid y Sevilla. Para evaluar los trastornos men- tales se utilizó el WMH-CIDI, para medir el grado de dependencia la Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS), y para evaluar el apoyo social se utilizó el Cuestionario de Apoyo Social Funcional Duke-UNC. Se diagnosticó un trastorno mental al 43% de la muestra. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron la depresión (37,5%) y la fobia específica (6,8%). Durante los últimos 12 meses, la prevalencia de trastorno mental en el grupo de heroína (26.4%) fue mayor que en el de cocaína (21.7%). Las variables relacionadas con la morbilidad psiquiátrica en la cohorte de cocaína fueron: el mayor número de días de consumo, las condiciones de vida inestables y el bajo apoyo social. En la cohorte de heroína, el ganar dinero a través de actividades ilegales, mientras que el consumo moderado de alcohol actuó como factor protector para la patología mental. En ambas cohortes, la morbilidad se asoció a haber recibido tratamiento psiquiátrico/psicológico durante los últimos 12 meses.
Este estudio muestra una prevalencia relativamente alta de morbilidad
psiquiátrica en consumidores de cocaína y heroína reclutados en entornos
no clínicos. Para el futuro, son necesarios estudios que examinen las diferencias entre los patrones de consumo de cocaína y heroína y su asociación con las enfermedades mentales.

Palabras clave


cocaína; heroína; CIDI; morbilidad psiquiátrica; población juvenil

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.91

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