Study of the factors associated with substance use in adolescence using Association Rules
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.170Keywords:
data mining, adolescence, substance consumption, association rules, drugs of abuseAbstract
The aim of this study is to analyse the factors related to the use of addictive substances in adolescence using association rules, descriptive tools included in Data Mining. Thus, we have a database referring to the consumption of addictive substances in adolescence, and use the free distribution program in the R arules package (version 2.10.0). The sample was made up of 9,300 students between the ages of 14 and 18 (47.1% boys and 52.9% girls) with an average age of 15.6 (SE=1.2). The adolescents answered an anonymous questionnaire on personal, family and environmental risk factors related to substance use. The best rules obtained with regard to substance use relate the consumption of alcohol to perceived parenting style and peer consumption (confidence = 0.8528), the use of tobacco (smoking), cannabis and cocaine to perceived parental action and illegal behaviour (confidence = 0.8032, 0.8718 and 1.0000, respectively), and the use of ecstasy to peer consumption (confidence = 1.0000). In general, the association rules show in a simple manner the relationship between certain patterns of perceived parental action, behaviours that deviate from social behavioural norms, peer consumption and the use of different legal and illegal drugs of abuse in adolescence. The implications of the results obtained are described, together with the usefulness of this new methodology of analysis.References
Abar, C. & Turrisi, R. (2008). How important are parents during the college years? A longitudinal perspective of indirect influences parents yield on their college teens’ alcohol use. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1360-1368.
Agrawal, R. & Srikant, R. (1994). Fast algorithms for mining association
rules. Paper presented at the 20th International Conference on Very Large Databases, Santiago, Chile.
Agrawal, R., Imielinski, T. & Swami, A. (1993). Mining association rules
between sets of items in large databases. Proceedings of the 1993 ACM-SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, 207-216.
Beck, K.H., Boyle, J.R. & Boekeloo, B.O. (2004). Parental monitoring and
adolescent drinking: results of a 12-year follow-up. American Journal of Health Behavior, 28, 272-279.
Becoña, E. (2002). Factores de riesgo y protección familiar para el uso
de drogas. In R. Secades and J.R. Fernández (Eds.), Intervención Familiar en la Prevención de las Drogodependencias. Madrid: Plan Nacional sobre Drogas.
Brook, J.S., Brook, D.W., De La Rosa, M., Whiteman, M., Jonson, E.
& Montoya, I. (2001). Adolescent illegal drug use: the impact of personality, family, and environmental factors. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 24, 183-203.
Cava, M.J., Murgui, S. & Musitu, G. (2008). Diferencias en factores de protección del consumo de sustancias en la adolescencia temprana y media. Psicothema, 20, 389-395.
Ciairano, S., Bosma, H.A., Miceli, R. & Settani, M. (2008). Adolescent
substance use in two European countries: Relationships with psychosocial adjustment, peers, and activities. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 8, 119-138.
De la Villa, M., Rodríguez, F.J. & Sirvent, C. (2006). Factores relacionados con las actitudes juveniles hacia el consumo de alcohol y otras sustancias psicoactivas. Psicothema, 18, 52-58.
Dick, D.M., Pagan, J.L., Viken, R., Purcell, S., Kaprio, J., Pulkkinen, L.,
& Rose, R.J. (2007). Changing environmental influences on substance use across development. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 10, 315-326.
DiClemente, R.J., Wingood, G.M., Crosby, R., Sionean, C., Cobb, B.K., Harrington, K.,... Oh, M.K. (2001). Parental monitoring: association with adolescents’ risk behaviors. Pediatrics, 107, 1363-1368.
Dunham, M.H. (2003). Data Mining. Introductory and Advanced Topics.
New Jersey: Pearson Education.
Elosua, P. (2009). ¿Existe vida más allá del SPSS? Descubre R. Psicothema, 21, 652-655.
Engels, R.C.M.E., Dekovic, M., Finkenauer, C. & Meeus, W. (2001).
Parental attachment and adolescents’ and emotional adjustment: the associations with the social skills and relational competence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 428-439.
Espada, J.P. & Méndez, F.X. (2002). Factores familiares, comportamientos
perturbadores y drogas en la adolescencia. In J.R. Fernández and R. Secades (Eds.), Intervención Familiar en la Prevención de las Drogodependencias. Madrid: Plan Nacional sobre Drogas.
Espada, J.P., Pereira, J.R. & García-Fernández, J. (2008). Influencia de los modelos sociales en el consumo de alcohol de los adolescentes. Psicothema, 20, 531-537.
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addition (2008).
Annual Report: The state of the drugs problem in Europe. [Document WWW]. URL Retrieved 8, November, 2008 from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_64227_ EN_EMCDDA_AR08_en.pdf
Farrell, A. D., Sullivan, T. N., Esposito, L. E., Meyer, A. L. & Valois, R. F. (2005). A latent growth curve analysis of the structure of aggression, drug use, and delinquent behaviors and their interrelations over time in urban and rural adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15, 179-204.
Fernández, J.R., Secades, R., Vallejo, G. & Errasti, J.M. (2003). Evaluation
of what parents know about their children’s drug use and how they perceive the most common family risk factors. Journal of Drug Education, 33, 334-350.
Gerra, G., Angioni, L., Zaimovic, A., Moi, G., Bussandri, M., Bertacca, S.,...
Nicoli, M.A. (2004). Substance use among high-school students: relationships with temperament, personality traits, and parental care perception. Substance Use & Misuse, 39, 345-367.
Gervilla, E. & Palmer, A. (2010). Prediction of cannabis and cocaine use in adolescence using decision trees and logistic regression. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 2, 19-35.
Gervilla, E., Cajal, B., Roca, J. & Palmer, A. (2010). Modelling alcohol
consumption during adolescence using Zero Inflated Negative Binomial and Decision Trees. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 2, 145-159.
Graña, J.L. (2000). Factores psicológicos de riesgo y de protección para
el consumo de drogas en adolescentes. Psicología Conductual. Revista Internacional de Psicología Clínica de la Salud, 8, 249-269.
Han, J. & Kamber, M. (2006). Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques (2nd. ed.). San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.
Hand, D.J. (2007). Principles of Data Mining. Drug Safety, 30, 621-622.
Jessor, R. & Jessor, S. (1980). A social-psychological framework for studying drug use. In D.J. Letteri, M. Sayers and H.W. Pearson, eds. Theories on Drug Abuse: Selected Contemporary Perspectives, pp. 95-101. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Kivinen, J. & Mannila, H. (1994). The power of sampling in Knowledge
Discovery. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM SIGACTSIGMOD-SIGART Symposium on Principles of Database Systems (PODS’94) (pp. 77-85). Minneapolis, MN: ACM Press.
Kokkevi, A., Richardson, C., Florescu, S., Kuzman, M. & Stergar, E. (2007). Psychosocial correlates of substance use in adolescence: A cross-national study in six European countries. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 86, 67-74.
Larose, D.T. (2005). Discovering Knowledge in Data: An Introduction to
Data Mining. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Martínez, J.L., Fuertes, A., Ramos, M. & Hernández, A. (2003). Consumo
de drogas en la adolescencia: importancia del afecto y la supervisión parental. Psicothema, 15, 161-166.
Martínez, J.M. & Robles, L. (2001). Variables de protección ante el consumo de alcohol y tabaco en adolescentes. Psicothema, 13, 222-228.
Mewse, A.J., Eiser, J.R., Slater, A.M. & Lea, S.E.G. (2004). The smoking
behaviors of adolescents and their friends: do parents matter? Parenting: Science and Practice, 4, 51-72.
Muñoz, M. & Graña, J.L. (2001). Factores familiares de riesgo y de protección para el consumo de drogas en adolescentes. Psicothema, 13, 87-94.
Olsson, C., Coffey, C., Toumbourou, J., Bond, L., Thomas, L. & Patton,
G. (2003). Family risk factors for cannabis use: a populationbased survey of Australian secondary school students. Drug and Alcohol Review, 2, 143-152.
Peña, M. E., Andreu, J. M. & Graña, J. L. (2009). Multivariate model of
antisocial behavior and substance use in Spanish adolescents. Journal of Child& Adolescent Substance Abuse, 18, 207-220.
Scholte, R.H.J., Poelen, E.A.P., Willemsen, G., Boomsma D.I. & Engels,
R.C.M.E. (2008). Relative risks of adolescent and young adult alcohol use: The role of drinking fathers, mothers, siblings, and friends. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1-14.
Schwarz, N. (1999). Self-report: how the questions shape the answers.
American Psychologist, 54, 93-105.
Shmueli, G., Patel, N.R. & Bruce, P.C. (2007). Data mining in Excel:
Lecture Notes and Cases. Arlington, VA: Resampling Stats, Inc.
Simons-Morton, B. (2007). Social influences on adolescent substance
use. American Journal of Health Behavior, 31, 672-684.
Stone, A.L. & Latimer, W.W. (2005). Adolescent substance use assessment: concordance between tools using self-administered and interview formats. Substance Use & Misuse, 40, 1865-1874.
Stormshak, E.A. & Dishion, T.J. (2009). A school-based, family-centered
intervention to prevent substance use: the family check-up. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 35, 227-232.
Timmermans, M. Van Lier, P.A.C. & Koot, H.M. (2008). Which forms of child/adolescent externalizing behaviors accounts for late adolescent risky sexual behaviour and substance use? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 386-394.
Van der Vorst, H., Engels, R.C.M.E., Dekovic, M., Meeus, W. & Versmulst,
A.A. (2007). Alcohol-specific rules, personality and adolescents’ alcohol use: a longitudinal person-environment study. Addiction, 102, 1064-1075.
Walls, T.A., Fairlie, A.M. & Wood, M.D. (2009). Parents do matter: a longitudinal two-part mixed model of early college alcohol participation and intensity. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70, 908-918.
