The genetics of addictions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.273Keywords:
genetics, vulnerability, addictions, addictive disorders, drug abuseAbstract
The addictions are common chronic psychiatric diseases which represent a serious worldwide public-health problem. They have a high prevalence and negative effects at individual, family and societal level, with a high sanitary cost. Epidemiological genetic research has revealed that addictions are moderately to highly heritable. Also the investigation has evidenced that environmental and genetic factors contribute to individual differences in vulnerability to addictions. Advances in the neurobiology of addiction joined to the development of new molecular genetic technologies, have led to the identification of a variety of underlying genes and pathways in addiction process, leading to the description of common molecular mechanisms in substance and behaviour dependencies. Identifying geneenvironment interactions is a crucial issue in future research. Other major goal in genetic research is the identification of new therapeutic targets for treatment and prevention.References
Rowen L, Mahairas G, Hood L. Sequencing the Human Genome. Science 1997; 278: 605-607.
Lupski JR. Structural Variation in the Human Genome. The New England Journal of Medicine 2007; 356:1169.
Pennisi E. Breakthrough of the year. Human genetic variation. Science 2007; 318: 1842-3.
Payne CS, Roses AD. The Molecular Genetic Revolution. Its Impact on Clinical Neurology. Arch Neurol 1988; 45:1366-1376.
Adams MD, Dubnick M, Kerlavage AR, Moreno R, Kelley JM, Utterback TR, et al. Sequence identification of 2.375 human brain genes. Nature 1992; 355: 632-634.
Merikangas KR & Risch N. Genomic priorities and public health. Science 2003; 302: 599-601.
Strumwasser F. The relations between neuroscience and human behavioral science. J Exp Anal Behav 1994; 61 (2): 307-317.
Plomin R, Owen MJ, McGuffin P. The genetic basis of complex human behaviors. Science 1994; 264:1733-1739.
Plomin R. Beyond nature versus nurture. En: Hall LL, Ed. Genetics and Mental Illness. Evolving Issues for Research and Society. New York: Plenum Press, 1996; 29-50.
Kendler KS, Eaves LJ. Models for the joint effect of genotype and environment on liability to psychiatric illness. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 279-289.
Bergeman CS, Plomin R, Pedersen NL, McClearn GE, Nesselroade JR. Genetic and environmental influences on social support: The Swedish Adoption Twin Study of Aging (SATSA). J Gerontol 1990; 45: 101-106.
Kessler RC, Kendler KS, Heat AC, Neale MC, Eaves LJ. Social support, depressed mood, and adjustment to stress: A genetic epidemiologic investigation. J Pers Soc Psychol 1992; 62: 257-272.
Kendler KS. Social Support: A Genetic-Epidemiologic Analysis. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154/10: 1398-1404.
Nestler EJ. Genes and adicction. Nature Genetics 2000; 26: 277-281.
Kaufmann CA, Johnson JE, Pardes H. Evolution and revolution in Psychiatric Genetics. En: Hall LL, Ed. Genetics and Mental Illness. Evolving Issues for Research and Society. New York: Plenum Press, 1996;
-28.
Nestler EJ. Is there a common molecular pathway for addiction? Nature Neuroscience 2005; 8: 1445-9
Uhl GR. Molecular genetic underpinnings of human substance abuse vulnerability: likely contributions to understanding addiction as a mnemonic process. Neuropharmacology 2004; 47: 140-7.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. Décima Revisión de la Clasificación Internacional de las Enfermedades. Trastornos mentales del comportamiento y desarrollo. Descripciones clínicas y pautas para el diagnóstico. Madrid: Meditor, 1992.
Blanco C, Moreyra P, Nunes EV, Saiz-Ruiz J, Ibanez A.“Pathological gambling: addiction or compulsion?” Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2001; 6(3): 167-176.
Cloninger CR, Bohman M, Sigvardsson S. Inheritance of alcohol abuse: Crossfostering analysis of alcoholic men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38: 861.
Goldman D, Oroszi G, Ducci F. The Genetics of Addictions: Uncovering the genes. Nature Reviews 2005; 6: 521-32.
Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Neale MC, Prescott CA. Illicit psychoactive substance use, heavy use, abuse, and dependence in a US population-based sample of male twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 261-9.
Goldman D, Bergen A. General and specific inheritance of substance abuse and alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: 964-5.
Saiz Ruiz J., Ibáñez Cuadrado A. “Genética molecular y Psiquiatría”. Serie Nuevas fronteras en Psiquiatría. Barcelona: Ediciones Doyma, S.A., 1997.
Collins FS. Positional cloning: Let’s not call it reverse any more. Nature Genetics 1992; 1: 3-6.
Reich T. A genomic survey of alcohol dependence and related phenotypes: results from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996; 20 (8 Suppl):133A-137A.
Uhl GR, Ping Liu QR, Naiman D. Substance abuse vulnerability loci: converging genome scanning data. Trends in Genetics 2002; 18: 420-5.
Pérez de Castro I, Ibáñez A. Bases biológicas de la herencia y herramientas genético-moleculares para el estudio de las bases genéticas de las enfermedades psiquiátricas. En: Fañanás L, Saiz J, Eds. Manual de
Introducción a la Genética en Psiquiatría. Barcelona: Masson, S.A., 2000. Págs.: 1-36.
Li CY, Mao X, Wei L. Genes and (Common) Pathways Underlyng Drug Addiction. PLoS Comput Biol 2008; 4(1): e2. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0040002
