Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. A report of six new cases and a summary of previous reports
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.776Keywords:
cannabinoid hyperemesis, cannabis, cyclical vomiting, compulsive hot bathingAbstract
Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a medical condition which was identified for the first time in 2004 and affects chronic users of cannabis. It is characterized by cyclic episodes of uncontrollable vomiting as well as compulsive bathing in hot water. The episodes have a duration of two to four days. The vomiting is recognizable by a lack of response to regular antiemetic treatment, and subsides only with cannabis abstinence, reappearing in periods of consumption of this substance. The etiology of this syndrome is unknown. Up until June 2014, 83 cases of CHS were published worldwide, four of them in Spain.The first patient of CHS at Mataró Hospital was diagnosed in 2012. Since then, five new cases have been identified. The average duration between the onset of acute CHS episodes and diagnosis is 6.1 years, similar to that observed in previously published cases, an average of 3.1 years. This “delay” of CHS diagnosis demonstrates a lack of awareness with respect to this medical condition in the healthcare profession.With the objective of providing information concerning CHS and facilitating its timely diagnosis, a series of six new cases of CHS diagnosed in Mataró Hospital is presented along with a summary of cases published between 2004 and June 2014.References
Adler, J. N., y Colbert, J. A., (2013). Clinical decisions. Medicinal use of marijuana polling results. The New England Journal of Medicine, 368, 30. doi:10.1056/NEJMclde1305159.
Aguilar-Urbano, V. M., Perez-Asia, Á., Navarro-Jarabo, J. M. y Sánchez-Cantos, A., (2011). Hiperemesis por consumo de cannabis. Medicina Clínica, 136, 646–647. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2010.05.022.
Alameda-Bailén, J. R., Salguero-Alcañiz, M. P., Merchán-Clavellino, A., y Paíno-Quesada, S. (2014). Mecanismos cognitivos en la toma de decisiones arriesgadas en consumidores de cannabis. Adicciones, 26, 146–158.
Alfonso Moreno, V., Ojeda, F. y Moreno-Osset, E. (2006). Hiperemesis Cannabinoide.[carta al Editor]. Gastroenterología y hepatología, 29, 431–435. doi:10.1157/13091456.
Allen, J. H., de Moore, G. M., Heddle, R., y Twartz, J. C. (2004). Cannabinoid hyperemesis: cyclical hyperemesis in association with chronic cannabis abuse. Gut, 53, 1566–70. doi:10.1136/gut.2003.036350.
Bramstedt, J., y Dissmann, R. (2011). Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome inducing acute prerenal failure and electrolyte disturbance. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 136, 34-35. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1286065.
Budhraja, V., (2009). Confirming the Diagnosis of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis [carta al Editor]. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 84, 483; respuesta del autor 483. doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(11)60569-7.
Chang, Y. H., y Windish, D. M. (2009). Cannabinoid hyperemesis relieved by compulsive bathing., Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 84, 76–78.
Cox, B., Chhabra, A., Adler, M., Simmons, J. y Randlett, D. (2012). Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: case report of a paradoxical reaction with heavy marijuana use. Case Reports in Medicine, 2012, 757696. doi:10.1155/2012/757696.
Darmani, N. A. (2002). The potent emetogenic effects of the endocannabinoid, 2-AG ( 2-Arachidonoylglycerol) are blocked by D9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannnabinoids. The Journal of Pharmacol and Experimental Therapeutics, 300, 34–42.
Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas. Observatorio Español sobre Drogas (OED). Informe 2010. Situación y tendencias de los problemas de drogas en España. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad y Política Social.
Del Mar Ramirez Fernandez, M., De Boeck, G., Wood, M., Lopez-Rivadulla, M., y Samyn, N. (2008). Simultaneous analysis of THC and its metabolites in blood using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 875, 465–470.
Duran Delmàs, M., y Capellà Hereu, D. (2004). Uso terapéutico de los cannabinoides. Adicciones, 16, 143-152.
Francis, H. (2011). Emerging role of chronic cannabis usage and hyperemesis syndrome. Southern Medical Journal, 104, 665. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e318229801b.
Galli, J., Andari R. y Friedenberg, F. (2011). Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome. Current Drug Abuse Review, 4, 241–249.
Habboushe, J. y Sedor, J. (2014). Cannabinoid hyperemesis acute renal failure: a common sequela of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2013.12.013.
Hickey, J. L., Witsil, J. C. y Mycyk, M. B. (2013). Haloperidol for treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 31, 1003.e5–6. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2013.02.021.
Kraemer, R. R., La Hoz, R. M. y Willig, J. H. (2013). Some like it hot: erythema ab igne due to cannabinoid hyperemesis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 28, 1522. doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2446-9.
Lorenzo, P., y Leza, J. C. (2000). Utilidad terapeutica del cannabis y derivados. Adicciones, 12, 149-168.
McCallum, R. W., Soykan, I., Sridhar, K. R., Ricci, D. A., Lange, R. C. y Plankey, M. W. (1999). Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol delays the gastric emptying of solid food in humans: A double-blind, randomized study. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 13, 77–80.
Nicolson, S. E., Denysenko, L., Mulcare, J. L., Vito, J. P. y Chabon, B. (2012). Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case series and review of previous reports. Psychosomatics, 53, 212–219. doi:10.1016/j.psym.2012.01.003.
Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (2011). Situación y tendencias de los problemas de drogas en España. Madrid. Ministerio de Sanidad, Política Social e Igualdad. Recuperado de http://www.pnsd.msc.es/Categoria2/observa/pdf/oed2011.pdf
Ochoa-Mangado, E., Jiménez Giménez, M., Salvador Vadillo, E. y Madoz-Gúrpide, A. (2013). Cyclical hyperemesis secondary to cannabis abuse. Gastroenterología Y Hepatología, 32, 406–409. doi:10.1016/j.gastrohep.2009.02.002.
Patterson, D., Smith, E., Monahan, M., Medvecz, A., Hagerty, B., Krijger, L., … Walsh, M. (2010). Cannabinoid hyperemesis and compulsive bathing: a case series and paradoxical pathophysiological explanation. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 23, 790–793. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2010.06.100117.
Price, S. L., Fisher, C., Kumar, R. y Hilgerson, A. (2010). Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome as the Underlying Cause of Intractable Nausea and Vomiting. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 111, 166-169.
Roca-Pallín, J. M., López-Pelayo, H., Sugranyes, G. y Balcells-Oliveró, M. M. (2013). Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics, 19, 994–995. doi:10.1111/cns.12207.
Roche, F. y Foster, P. (2005). Cannabinoid Hyperemesis: not just a problem in Adelaide Hills. Gut, 54, 727–734.
Rodriguez de Fonseca, F., y Navarro, M. (2000). Adicción y sistema cannabinoide endógeno : papel del receptor para cannabinoides CB1 en la fisiología de las neuronas dopaminérgicas mesotelencefálicas. Adicciones, 12, 83–95.
Sannarangappa, V., y Tan, C. (2009). Cannabinoid hyperemesis. Internal Medicine Journal, 39, 777–778. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2009.02047.
Schmid, S. M., Lapaire, O., Huang, D. J., Jürgens, F. E. y Güth, U. (2011). Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: an underreported entity causing nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 284, 1095–1097. doi:10.1007/s00404-010-1811-8.
Simonetto, D. A., Oxentenko, A. S., Herman, M. L. y Szostek, J. H. (2012). Cannabinoid hyperemesis: a case series of 98 patients. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 87, 114–119.
doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.10.005.
Sontineni, S. P. (2009). Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: Clinical diagnosis of an underrecognised manifestation of chronic cannabis abuse. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 15, 1264-1266. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.1264.
Soriano-Co, M., Batke, M. y Cappell, M. S. (2010). The cannabis hyperemesis syndrome characterized by persistent nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, and compulsive bathing associated with chronic marijuana use: a report of eight cases in the United States. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 55, 3113–3119. doi:10.1007/s10620-010-1131-7.
Sullivan, S. (2010). Cannabinoid hyperemesis, The Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology, 24, 284–285.
Sun, S., y Zimmermann, A. E. (2013). Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. Hospital Pharmacy, 48, 650–655. doi:10.1310/hpj4808-650.
Torka, P., y Sharma, R. (2012). Cannabinoid and hyperemesis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 87, 502–503; author reply 503. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.03.004.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (n.d.). World Drug Report 2013. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yd.20002.
Wallace, E. a, Andrews, S. E., Garmany, C. L. y Jelley, M. J. (2011). Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: literature review and proposed diagnosis and treatment algorithm. Southern Medical Journal, 104, 659–64. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3182297d57.
Walsh, D., Nelson, K. A. Y Mahmoud, F. A. (2003). Established and potential therapeutic applications of cannabinoids in oncology. Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 11, 137–143. doi:10.1007/s00520-002-0387-7.
Watts, M. (2009). Cannabinoid hyperemesis presenting to a New Zealand hospital. New Zealand Medical Journal, 122, 116–118.
Wolfhagen-Tillburg, F. H. J. (2014). Cannabinoïdhyperemesis met als bijzonder verschijnsel dwangmatig warm baden. Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde, 2005, 2–3.
Woods, J. A., Wright, N. J. D., Gee, J. Y Scobey, M. W. (2014). Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome : An Emerging Drug-Induced Disease, American Journal of Therapeutics. Avance de publicación on line. doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000000034.
