Individual and contextual factors related to binge drinking among adolescents in Spain: a multilevel approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.975Keywords:
Alcohol, Consumo intensivo, Adolescentes, Accesibilidad al alcoholAbstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of binge drinking by regions in Spain and assess the effect of individual and contextual factors related to this drinking pattern in adolescents. A cross-sectional study was performed with data from the 2014 Spanish School Survey on Drug Use (ESTUDES) in students aged 14-18 years (N = 34,259). The outcome was binge drinking in adolescents during the last 30 days. Individual independent variables were socioeconomic variables and variables related to access to alcohol and its availability. Contextual variables consisted of adult alcohol consumption, public policies on alcohol, and socioeconomic factors. Multilevel Poisson regression models with robust variance were estimated, obtaining prevalence ratios (PR) and their 95% confidence intervals. The results showed that the prevalence of youth binge drinking by region of residence was similar for both sexes (r = 0.72). At the individual level, binge drinking was mainly associated with the perception of easy access to alcohol (PR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.23-1.55), consumption in open areas [(PR: 3.82; 95% CI: 3.44-4.24) < once a month and (PR: 6.57; 95% CI: 5.85-7.37) ≥ once a month], at least one parent allowing alcohol consumption (PR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.37-1.47), and receiving >30 euros weekly (PR :1.51; 95% CI: 1.37-1.67). Contextual variables were not associated with youth binge drinking when individual variables were considered. In conclusion, youth binge drinking was associated with individual variables related to high alcohol accessibility and availability, regardless of contextual variables. These variables explained the variability in binge drinking among Spanish regions.References
Abar, C., Abar, B. & Turrisi, R. (2009). The impact of parental modeling and permissibility on alcohol use and experienced negative drinking consequences in college. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 542–547. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.03.019.
Bendtsen, P., Damsgaard, M. T., Huckle, T., Casswell, S., Kuntsche, E., Arnold, P., … Holstein, B. E. (2014). Adolescent alcohol use: a reflection of national drinking patterns and policy? Addiction, 109, 1857–1868. doi:10.1111/add.12681.
the Committee on National Alcohol Policy and Action (CNAPA). (2014). Action Plan on Youth Drinking and on Heavy Episodic Drinking (Binge Drinking) (2014-2016).
Cortés, M. T., Espejo, B., Martín del Río, B. & Gómez, C. (2010). [Different typologies of alcohol consumers in the practice of the “botellon” in three Spanish cities]. Psicothema, 22, 363–368.
Engs, R. & Hanson, D. (1990). Gender differences in drinking patterns and problems among college students: A review of the literature. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Education, 35, 36–47.
Espejo, B., Cortés, M. T., del Río, B. M., Giménez, J. A. & Gómez, C. (2012). Traits that define the different alcohol intensive consume type during the practice of “botellon.” Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 256–264.
Espelt, A., Mari-Dell’Olmo, M., Penelo, E. & Bosque-Prous, M. (2017). Applied Prevalence Ratio estimation with different Regression models: An example from a cross-national study on substance use research. Adicciones, 29, 105-112. doi:10.20882/adicciones.823.
Foley, K. L., Altman, D., Durant, R. H. & Wolfson, M. (2004). Adults’ approval and adolescents’ alcohol use. Journal Adolescent Health, 35, 345.e17–26.
Font-Ribera, L., Garcia-Continente, X., Pérez, A., Torres, R., Sala, N., Espelt, A. & Nebot, M. (2013). Driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs among adolescents: The role of urban and rural environments. Accident Analysis Prevention, 60, 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.07.031.
Galán, I., González, M. J. & Valencia-Martín, J. L. (2014). Revista Española de Salud Publica, 88, 529–540. doi:10.4321/S1135-57272014000400007.
Gómez Fraguela, J. A., Fernández Pérez, N., Romero Triñanes, E. & Luengo Martín, A. (2008). Psicothema, 20, 211–217.
Heimisdottir, J., Vilhjalmsson, R., Kristjansdottir, G. & Meyrowitsch, D. W. (2010). The social context of drunkenness in mid-adolescence. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 38, 291–298. doi:10.1177/1403494809357 094.
Hibell, B., Guttormsson, U., Ahlström, S., Balakireva, O., Bjarnason, T., Kokkevi, A. & Kraus, L. (2012). The 2011 ESPAD report. Substance Use Among Students in 36 European Countries (Vol. 36). The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and other Drugs (CAN), The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and Council of Europe, Co-operation Group to Combat Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in Drugs (Pompidou Group).
Jones, S. C. & Magee, C. A. (2014). The role of family, friends and peers in Australian adolescent’s alcohol consumption. Drug and Alcohol Review, 33, 304–313. doi:10.1111/dar.12111.
Jones-Webb, R., Toomey, T., Miner, K., Wagenaar, A. C., Wolfson, M. & Poon, R. (1997). Why and in what context adolescents obtain alcohol from adults: a pilot study. Substance Use and Misuse, 32, 219–228.
Krieg, A. G. & Kuhl, D. C. (2016). Race, Adolescent Binge Drinking, and the Context of Neighborhood Exposure. Deviant Behavior, 37, 615–633. doi:10.1080/01639625.2015.1060804.
Krieger, N., Williams, D. R. & Moss, N. E. (1997). Measuring social class in US public health research: concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annual Review of Public Health, 18, 341–378.
Kuntsche, E., Rossow, I., Simons-Morton, B., Bogt, T. T., Kokkevi, A. & Godeau, E. (2013). Not early drinking but early drunkenness is a risk factor for problem behaviors among adolescents from 38 European and north american countries. Alcohol Clinical and Experimental Research, 37, 308–314. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012. 01895.x.
Llorens, N., Barrio, G., Sánchez, A., Suelves, J. M. & ESTUDES Working Group. (2011). Effects of socialization and family factors on adolescent excessive drinking in Spain. Prevention Science, 12, 150–161. doi:10.1007/s11121-010-0195-0.
Nash, S. G., McQueen, A. & Bray, J. H. (2005). Pathways to adolescent alcohol use: family environment, peer influence, and parental expectations. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37, 19–28. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.06.004.
Nelson, D. E., Naimi, T. S., Brewer, R. D. & Nelson, H. A. (2009). State alcohol-use estimates among youth and adults, 1993-2005. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36, 218–224. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.10.018.
Nelson, T. F., Naimi, T. S., Brewer, R. D. & Wechsler, H. (2005). The state sets the rate: the relationship among state-specific college binge drinking, state binge drinking rates, and selected state alcohol control policies. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 441–446. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.043810.
Nelson, T. F., Xuan, Z., Babor, T. F., Brewer, R. D., Chaloupka, F. J., Gruenewald, P. J., … Naimi, T. S. (2013). Efficacy and the strength of evidence of U.S. alcohol control policies. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 45, 19–28. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.03.008.
Paschall, M. J., Grube, J. W. & Kypri, K. (2009). Alcohol control policies and alcohol consumption by youth: a multi-national study. Addiction, 104, 1849–1855. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02698.x.
Pedersen, W., Bakken, A. & von Soest, T. (2015). Adolescents from affluent city districts drink more alcohol than others. Addiction, 110, 1595–604. doi:10.1111/add.13005.
Pettigrew, S., Pescud, M., Jarvis, W. & Webb, D. (2013). Teens’ blog accounts of the role of adults in youth alcohol consumption. Journal of Social Marketing, 3, 28–40.
Pitkänen, T., Kokko, K., Lyyra, A.-L. & Pulkkinen, L. (2008). A developmental approach to alcohol drinking behaviour in adulthood: a follow-up study from age 8 to age 42. Addiction, 103 Suppl 1, 48–68. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02176.x.
Pitkänen, T., Lyyra, A.-L. & Pulkkinen, L. (2005). Age of onset of drinking and the use of alcohol in adulthood: a follow-up study from age 8-42 for females and males. Addiction, 100, 652–661. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01053.x.
Plan Nacional Sobre Drogas. (2016). Encuesta sobre uso de drogas en enseñanzas secundarias en España (ESTUDES), 1994-2014. Ministerio de Sanidad Servicios Sociales e Igualdad.
Rehm, J., Mathers, C., Popova, S., Thavorncharoensap, M., Teerawattananon, Y. & Patra, J. (2009). Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet, 373, 2223–2233.
Reimuller, A., Shadur, J. & Hussong, A. M. (2011). Parental social support as a moderator of self-medication in adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 203–208. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.10.006.
Romo-Avilés, N., Marcos-Marcos, J., Marquina-Márquez, A. & Gil-García, E. (2016). Intensive alcohol consumption by adolescents in Southern Spain: The importance of friendship. International Journal of Drug Policy, 31, 138–146. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.01.014
Rossow, I., Keating, P., Felix, L. & McCambridge, J. (2015). Does parental drinking influence children’s drinking? A systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Addiction, 111, 204-217. doi:10.1111/add.13097.
Shield, K., Rylett, M., Gmel, G., Rehm, J., Brummer, J. & Møller, L. (2013). Status Report on Alcohol and Health in 35 European Countries 2013. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization.
van der Vorst, H., Engels, R. C. M. E., Meeus, W., Dekovic´, M. & Van Leeuwe, J. (2005). The role of alcohol-specific socialization in adolescents’ drinking behaviour. Addiction, 100, 1464-1476. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01193.x.
World Health Organization. (2014). Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Xuan, Z., Blanchette, J. G., Nelson, T. F., Nguyen, T. H., Hadland, S. E., Oussayef, N. L., … Naimi, T. S. (2015). Youth Drinking in the United States: Relationships With Alcohol Policies and Adult Drinking. Pediatrics, 136, 18–27. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-0537.
Xuan, Z., Nelson, T. F., Heeren, T., Blanchette, J., Nelson, D. E., Gruenewald, P. & Naimi, T. S. (2013). Tax policy, adult binge drinking, and youth alcohol consumption in the United States. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research Journal, 37, 1713–1719. doi:10.1111/acer.12152.
Zeigler, D. W., Wang, C. C., Yoast, R. A., Dickinson, B. D., McCaffree, M. A., Robinowitz, C. B., … Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. (2005). The neurocognitive effects of alcohol on adolescents and college students. Preventive Medicine, 40, 23–32. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.044.
